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      Connecting the dots: Mobilizing theory to reveal the big picture in social psychology (and why we should do this) : The big picture in social psychology

      European Journal of Social Psychology
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Most cited references30

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          Social identity and intergroup behaviour

          H Tajfel (1974)
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            The Rules of the Game Called Psychological Science.

            If science were a game, a dominant rule would probably be to collect results that are statistically significant. Several reviews of the psychological literature have shown that around 96% of papers involving the use of null hypothesis significance testing report significant outcomes for their main results but that the typical studies are insufficiently powerful for such a track record. We explain this paradox by showing that the use of several small underpowered samples often represents a more efficient research strategy (in terms of finding p < .05) than does the use of one larger (more powerful) sample. Publication bias and the most efficient strategy lead to inflated effects and high rates of false positives, especially when researchers also resorted to questionable research practices, such as adding participants after intermediate testing. We provide simulations that highlight the severity of such biases in meta-analyses. We consider 13 meta-analyses covering 281 primary studies in various fields of psychology and find indications of biases and/or an excess of significant results in seven. These results highlight the need for sufficiently powerful replications and changes in journal policies.
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              In defense of external invalidity.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                European Journal of Social Psychology
                Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.
                Wiley-Blackwell
                00462772
                February 2013
                February 2013
                : 43
                : 1
                : 1-8
                Article
                10.1002/ejsp.1932
                881fd053-fca5-4dcd-96de-b4dac7b2ae68
                © 2013

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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