Phenological cycle and floral development of Chloraea crispa (Orchidaceae) <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Ciclo fenológico y desarrollo floral de Chloraea crispa (Orchidaceae) </span>

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Abstract

Chloraea crispa Lindl. is a terrestrial orchid endemic to Chile that has potential to be a novel alternative for the cut flower industry. The objectives of this study were to describe the phenological cycle and floral bud development of C. crispa to determine the timing of initiation and differentiation of the spike. During the summer, plants are dormant. The renewal buds are located at the top of the rhizome, next to the buds from which the shoot of the previous season originated. From the end of summer until the end of winter, the plant is in vegetative growth. From June onward, the flower stalk starts to emerge, and flowering and leaf senescence occur during the spring until the beginning of summer. The renewal buds started forming leaf primordia during or after the flowering of the above-ground annual stems and the senescence of the plant. Between December and January, the apical meristem changes to the reproductive stage, and from March, the first flower primordial could be observed. C. crispa shows similarity with other geophytes in which florogenesis and the development of new organs occurs within the renewal buds during or after the summer dormancy period.

Translated abstract

Chloraea crispa Lindl. (Orchidaceae) es una orquídea terrestre endémica de Chile, con potencial como nueva alternativa para la industria de flor de corte. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir el ciclo fenológico y el desarrollo de yemas florales de C. crispa de manera de determinar el comienzo de la iniciación floral y la diferenciación de la vara floral. Durante el verano las plantas se encontraron en dormición, las yemas de renuevo se localizaron en la parte superior del rizoma, cercanas a las yemas que originaron el crecimiento de la temporada anterior. Desde finales del verano hasta el final del invierno, las plantas se encontraban en crecimiento vegetativo. Desde junio en adelante el tallo floral comenzó a emerger. La floración junto con la senescencia de las hojas ocurrió durante la primavera hasta los comienzos de verano. Las yemas de renuevo comenzaron la formación de primordios foliares, durante o después de la floración de los crecimientos de la temporada y senescencia de la planta. Entre diciembre y enero, el meristemo apical cambió al estado reproductivo y desde marzo en adelante fue posible observar los primeros primordios florales. C. crispa presenta similitudes con otras geófitas, donde la florogénesis y el desarrollo de nuevos órganos ocurre al interior de las yemas de renuevo durante o después del periodo de dormición estival.

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Most cited references 24

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Gibberellin as a factor in floral regulatory networks.

Effie S Mutasa-Göttgens, Peter Hedden (2008)

Gibberellins (GAs) function not only to promote the growth of plant organs, but also to induce phase transitions during development. Their involvement in flower initiation in long-day (LD) and biennial plants is well established and there is growing insight into the mechanisms by which floral induction is achieved. The extent to which GAs mediate the photoperiodic stimulus to flowering in LD plants is, with a few exceptions, less clear. Despite evidence for photoperiod-enhanced GA biosynthesis in leaves of many LD plants, through up-regulation of GA 20-oxidase gene expression, a function for GAs as transmitted signals from leaves to apices in response to LD has been demonstrated only in Lolium species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, as one of four quantitative floral pathways, GA signalling has a relatively minor influence on flowering time in LD, while in SD, in the absence of the photoperiod flowering pathway, the GA pathway assumes a major role and becomes obligatory. Gibberellins promote flowering in Arabidopsis through the activation of genes encoding the floral integrators SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in the inflorescence and floral meristems, and in leaves, respectively. Although GA signalling is not required for floral organ specification, it is essential for the normal growth and development of these organs. The sites of GA production and action within flowers, and the signalling pathways involved are beginning to be revealed.