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      Histopathological Variants of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review

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          Abstract

          Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common form of cancer in the Caucasian population, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounting for the majority of NMSC-related metastases and death. While most SCC lesions are indolent tumors with low malignant potential, a wide diversity of SCC subtypes exist, several of which are associated with markedly more aggressive behaviors. Distinguishing these high-risk variants from their counterparts is possible through microscopic analysis, since each subtype possesses unique histopathological features. Early identification of high-risk lesions can allow for more rapid therapeutic intervention, reducing the likelihood of metastasis and death. The authors review specific histopathological features and associated clinical outcomes of the primary subdivisions of SCC.

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          Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection.

          Laurence Rowe, Peter R. Carroll, Alexander Day (1992)
          We reviewed all studies since 1940 on the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and lip. The following variables are correlated with local recurrence and metastatic rates: (1) treatment modality, (2) prior treatment, (3) location, (4) size, (5) depth, (6) histologic differentiation, (7) histologic evidence of perineural involvement, (8) precipitating factors other than ultraviolet light, and (9) host immunosuppression. Local recurrences occur less frequently when SCC is treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. This local recurrence rate differential in favor of Mohs micrographic surgery holds true for primary SCC of the skin and lip (3.1% vs 10.9%), for ear SCC (5.3% vs 18.7%), for locally recurrent (previously treated) SCC (10% vs 23.3%), for SCC with perineural involvement (0% vs 47%), for SCC of size greater than 2 cm (25.2% vs 41.7%), and for SCC that is poorly differentiated (32.6% vs 53.6%).
          Article 0 comments Cited 120 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip

            Calvin L Day, Raymond J Carroll, Dan E. Rowe (1992)
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              Perineural invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

              Nicholas E. Myers, Hans J. Johnson, F. D'Amico … (1998)
              To determine if perineural invasion (PNI) of small nerves affects the outcome of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract. Retrospective clinicopathological study of patients with at least 2 years of follow-up and with negative margins and no prior, synchronous, or metachronous SCC. Academic otolaryngology department. One hundred forty-two patients who had SCC of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx, or larynx resected between 1981 and 1991. Surgery with or without adjuvant therapy. Local recurrence was examined with respect to PNI, nerve diameter, and microvascular or microlymphatic invasion. Perineural invasion was correlated with lymph node metastasis, extracapsular spread, and survival. Perineural invasion of nerves less than 1 mm in diameter was present in 74 patients, lymphatic invasion in 53, and vascular invasion in 9. Perineural invasion was significantly associated with local recurrence (23% for PNI vs 9% for no PNI; P=. 02), and disease-specific mortality (54% mortality for PNI vs 25% for no PNI; P<.001). With extralaryngeal tumors, PNI was associated with nodal metastasis (73% vs 46%; P=.03). Perineural invasion was not associated with extracapsular spread (P=.47). Microvascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, and nerve diameter were not significantly related to local recurrence. Perineural invasion of small nerves is associated with an increased risk of local recurrence and cervical metastasis and is, independent of extracapsular spread, a predictor of survival for patients with SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract.
              Article 0 comments Cited 84 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Skin Cancer
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JSC
                Title: Journal of Skin Cancer
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-2905
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-2913
                Publication date (Print): 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 December 2010
                Volume: 2011
                Electronic Location Identifier: 210813
                Affiliations
                1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
                2Division of Dermatopathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, NY 10029, USA
                Author notes
                *Stephen E. Mercer: mercerse@ 123456gmail.com

                Academic Editor: J. W. Patterson

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2011/210813
                PMC ID: 3018652
                PubMed ID: 21234325
                SO-VID: 88563c7e-7a06-4247-b6bb-9b89cfb23503
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 Valerie R. Yanofsky et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 August 2010
                Date accepted : 4 November 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy

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