Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: causes and consequences.

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common comorbid condition in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). The co-occurrence of ADHD and TS is in most cases associated with a higher social and psychopathological impairment. Comorbidity between Tourette and ADHD appears to have a complex and partially known pathogenesis in which genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors can be implicated. Genetic studies have revealed an involvement of dopaminergic, catecholaminergic, and GABAergic genes that modulated the activity of neurotransmitters. Furthermore, there are a lot of networks implicated in the development of ADHD and TS, involving cortical and striatal areas and basal ganglia. Although a large number of studies tried to find a common pathogenesis, the complex pathways responsible are not clear. The genes implicated in both disorders are currently unidentified, but it is probable that epigenetic factors associated with neural modifications can represent a substrate for the development of the diseases.