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      Structural and metabolic changes in rhizophores of the Cerrado species Chrysolaena obovata (Less.) Dematt. as influenced by drought and re-watering

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          Abstract

          The high fructan contents in underground organs of Cerrado species, high water solubility, and fast metabolism of these compounds highlight their role as carbon storage and as an adaptive feature in plants under drought. In this study, we showed that anatomical structure, in association with soluble compounds and metabolism of inulin-type fructans were modified in rhizophores of Crysolaena obovata submitted to water suppression and recovery after re-watering. Plants were subjected to daily watering (control), suppression of watering for 22 days (water suppression) and suppression of watering followed by re-watering after 10 days (re-watered). Plants were collected at time 0 and after 3, 7, 10, 12, 17, and 22 days of treatment. In addition to changes in fructan metabolism, high proline content was detected in drought stressed plants, contributing to osmoregulation and recovery after water status reestablishment. Under water suppression, total inulin was reduced from approx. 60 to 40%, mainly due to exohydrolase activity. Concurrently, the activity of fructosyltransferases promoted the production of short chain inulin, which could contribute to the increase in osmotic potential. After re-watering, most parameters analyzed were similar to those of control plants, indicating the resumption of regular metabolism, after water absorption. Inulin sphero-crystals accumulated in parenchymatic cells of the cortex, vascular tissues and pith were reduced under drought and accompanied anatomical changes, starting from day 10. At 22 days of drought, the cortical and vascular tissues were collapsed, and inulin sphero-crystals and inulin content were reduced. The localization of inulin sphero-crystals in vascular tissues of C. obovata, as well as the decrease of total inulin and the increase in oligo:polysaccharide ratio in water stressed plants is consistent with the role of fructans in protecting plants against drought.

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          Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance.

          Anhydrobiosis ("life without water") is the remarkable ability of certain organisms to survive almost total dehydration. It requires a coordinated series of events during dehydration that are associated with preventing oxidative damage and maintaining the native structure of macromolecules and membranes. The preferential hydration of macromolecules is essential when there is still bulk water present, but replacement by sugars becomes important upon further drying. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of anhydrobiosis include the downregulation of metabolism, dehydration-induced partitioning of amphiphilic compounds into membranes and immobilization of the cytoplasm in a stable multicomponent glassy matrix.
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            Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue?

            Proline has been recognized as a multi-functional molecule, accumulating in high concentrations in response to a variety of abiotic stresses. It is able to protect cells from damage by acting as both an osmotic agent and a radical scavenger. Proline accumulated during a stress episode is degraded to provide a supply of energy to drive growth once the stress is relieved. Proline homeostasis is important for actively dividing cells as it helps to maintain sustainable growth under long-term stress. It also underpins the importance of the expansion of the proline sink during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth and the initiation of seed development. Its role in the reproductive tissue is to stabilize seed set and productivity. Thus, to cope with abiotic stress, it is important to develop strategies to increase the proline sink in the reproductive tissue. We give a holistic account of proline homeostasis, taking into account the regulation of proline synthesis, its catabolism, and intra- and intercellular transport, all of which are vital components of growth and development in plants challenged by stress. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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              Simple method for differential staining of paraffin embedded plant material using toluidine blue o.

              W SAKAI (1973)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                17 September 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 721
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica São Paulo, Brazil
                [2] 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica São Paulo, Brazil
                [3] 3Núcleo de Pesquisa em Anatomia, Instituto de Botânica São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes

                Edited by: Wim Van den Ende, KU Leuven, Belgium

                Reviewed by: Ravi Valluru, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico; Walter Alberto Vargas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas-CONICET, Argentina

                *Correspondence: Maria A. M. Carvalho, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Stefano, 3687, 04301-902, C. Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil mam.carvalho@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Plant Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2015.00721
                4585265
                88a9b169-d6b8-4b4b-9a92-30ab713d8def
                Copyright © 2015 Garcia, Hayashi, Silva, Figueiredo-Ribeiro and Carvalho.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 10 April 2015
                : 27 August 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 13, Words: 7087
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                fructans,inulin sphero-crystals,proline,underground organs,water deficit
                Plant science & Botany
                fructans, inulin sphero-crystals, proline, underground organs, water deficit

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