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      Distributed and retinotopically asymmetric processing of coherent motion in mouse visual cortex

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          Abstract

          Perception of visual motion is important for a range of ethological behaviors in mammals. In primates, specific visual cortical regions are specialized for processing of coherent visual motion. However, whether mouse visual cortex has a similar organization remains unclear, despite powerful genetic tools available for measuring population neural activity. Here, we use widefield and 2-photon calcium imaging of transgenic mice to measure mesoscale and cellular responses to coherent motion. Imaging of primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (HVAs) during presentation of natural movies and random dot kinematograms (RDKs) reveals varied responsiveness to coherent motion, with stronger responses in dorsal stream areas compared to ventral stream areas. Moreover, there is considerable anisotropy within visual areas, such that neurons representing the lower visual field are more responsive to coherent motion. These results indicate that processing of visual motion in mouse cortex is distributed heterogeneously both across and within visual areas.

          Abstract

          Processing of coherent motion has been extensively studied in the primate visual system, but has not been well characterized in mice. Here, the authors use widefield calcium imaging to reveal that coherent motion responses are organized anisotropically both across and within visual areas in mice.

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          Most cited references64

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          Separate visual pathways for perception and action.

          Accumulating neuropsychological, electrophysiological and behavioural evidence suggests that the neural substrates of visual perception may be quite distinct from those underlying the visual control of actions. In other words, the set of object descriptions that permit identification and recognition may be computed independently of the set of descriptions that allow an observer to shape the hand appropriately to pick up an object. We propose that the ventral stream of projections from the striate cortex to the inferotemporal cortex plays the major role in the perceptual identification of objects, while the dorsal stream projecting from the striate cortex to the posterior parietal region mediates the required sensorimotor transformations for visually guided actions directed at such objects.
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            Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance.

            An increasingly powerful approach for studying brain circuits relies on targeting genetically encoded sensors and effectors to specific cell types. However, current approaches for this are still limited in functionality and specificity. Here we utilize several intersectional strategies to generate multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing high levels of novel genetic tools with high specificity. We developed driver and double reporter mouse lines and viral vectors using the Cre/Flp and Cre/Dre double recombinase systems and established a new, retargetable genomic locus, TIGRE, which allowed the generation of a large set of Cre/tTA-dependent reporter lines expressing fluorescent proteins, genetically encoded calcium, voltage, or glutamate indicators, and optogenetic effectors, all at substantially higher levels than before. High functionality was shown in example mouse lines for GCaMP6, YCX2.60, VSFP Butterfly 1.2, and Jaws. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the ability to monitor and manipulate neuronal activities with increased specificity.
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              Highly selective receptive fields in mouse visual cortex.

              Genetic methods available in mice are likely to be powerful tools in dissecting cortical circuits. However, the visual cortex, in which sensory coding has been most thoroughly studied in other species, has essentially been neglected in mice perhaps because of their poor spatial acuity and the lack of columnar organization such as orientation maps. We have now applied quantitative methods to characterize visual receptive fields in mouse primary visual cortex V1 by making extracellular recordings with silicon electrode arrays in anesthetized mice. We used current source density analysis to determine laminar location and spike waveforms to discriminate putative excitatory and inhibitory units. We find that, although the spatial scale of mouse receptive fields is up to one or two orders of magnitude larger, neurons show selectivity for stimulus parameters such as orientation and spatial frequency that is near to that found in other species. Furthermore, typical response properties such as linear versus nonlinear spatial summation (i.e., simple and complex cells) and contrast-invariant tuning are also present in mouse V1 and correlate with laminar position and cell type. Interestingly, we find that putative inhibitory neurons generally have less selective, and nonlinear, responses. This quantitative description of receptive field properties should facilitate the use of mouse visual cortex as a system to address longstanding questions of visual neuroscience and cortical processing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                michael.goard@lifesci.ucsb.edu
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                16 July 2020
                16 July 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 3565
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9676, GRID grid.133342.4, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, , University of California, Santa Barbara, ; Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9676, GRID grid.133342.4, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, , University of California, Santa Barbara, ; Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9676, GRID grid.133342.4, Neuroscience Research Institute, , University of California, Santa Barbara, ; Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-9010
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-8501
                Article
                17283
                10.1038/s41467-020-17283-5
                7366664
                32678087
                88b6d6a3-67a6-4083-b860-8ff5871da54b
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 20 September 2019
                : 23 June 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH);
                Award ID: R00 MH104259
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000001, National Science Foundation (NSF);
                Award ID: 1707287
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100001391, Whitehall Foundation (Whitehall Foundation, Inc.);
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100001167, Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (Larry L. Hillblom Foundation, Inc.);
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                neuroscience,sensory processing,visual system,extrastriate cortex,motion detection
                Uncategorized
                neuroscience, sensory processing, visual system, extrastriate cortex, motion detection

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