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      Endothel und Entzündung

      , Dr. med.
      , Prof. Dr. (Referee), , Prof. Dr. (Referee)
      Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität
      Medizin, Endothel, Infektion, Infection, Medizin, XG 4300, Bakterien, Pathomechanismen, Endothelium, Bacteria, Mechanism

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          Abstract

          Die Aktivierung von Endothelzellen durch Bakterien und ihre Produkte trägt wesentlich zur Ausbildung klinischer Symptome in bakteriellen Infektionen bei. Die Freisetzung von Chemo- und Zytokinen führt im Konzert mit der Expression von Adhäsionsmolekülen durch das Endothel zur Rekrutierung und Aktivierung von Granulozyten. Zur Regulation der Entzündungsreaktion tragen parakrine und systemische Effekte, ausgelöst durch die Liberation von vasoaktiven Substanzen und Zytokinen durch Endothelzellen, bei. Der Zusammenbruch der endothelialen Barrierefunktion, gekennzeichnet durch den Verlust der Permselektivität der endothelialen Grenzschicht, verursacht Ödembildung. In dieser Arbeit wurde die molekulare Interaktion von Bakterien und ihren Produkten mit Endothelzellen untersucht. Effekte auf die Rekrutierung von Granulozyten und die endotheliale Barrierefunktion wurden charakterisiert. Dabei konnten aktivierte Signalwege identifiziert werden. Darauf basierend folgte die Entwicklung erster therapeutischer Ansätze. Zusammengefasst erbrachten diese experimentellen Untersuchungen neue Erkenntnisse zum Verständnis der Bakterien-Endothel Interaktion.

          Abstract

          Activation of endothelial cells by bacteria and their products contributed significantly to clinical signs of bacterial infections. Liberation of chemo- and cytokines in concert with expression of adhesion molecules by the endothelium resulted in recruitment of granulocytes. Paracrine and systemic effects of vasoactive agents and cytokines secreted by endothelial cells contributed the regulation of inflammation. Loss of endothelial barrier function induced edema formation. This postdoctoral lecture qualification addressed the molecular interaction of bacteria and their products with endothelial cells. The recruitment of granulocytes, the regulation of endothelial barrier function and activated signalling pathways in endothelial cells were analyzed. Based on these experiments new therapeutic strategies have been tested. In summary, extended these experimental investigations the understanding of bacterial-endothelial interaction.

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          Most cited references74

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          MAP kinases in the immune response.

          MAP kinases are among the most ancient signal transduction pathways and are widely used throughout evolution in many physiological processes. In mammalian species, MAP kinases are involved in all aspects of immune responses, from the initiation phase of innate immunity, to activation of adaptive immunity, and to cell death when immune function is complete. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the function and regulation of MAP kinase pathways in these phases of immune responses.
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            Nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 mediates cross-talk between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton.

            Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by microtubules is mediated by the Rho family GTPases. However, the molecular mechanisms that link microtubule dynamics to Rho GTPases have not, as yet, been identified. Here we show that the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-H1 is regulated by an interaction with microtubules. GEF-H1 mutants that are deficient in microtubule binding have higher activity levels than microtubule-bound forms. These mutants also induce Rho-dependent changes in cell morphology and actin organization. Furthermore, drug-induced microtubule depolymerization induces changes in cell morphology and gene expression that are similar to the changes induced by the expression of active forms of GEF-H1. Furthermore, these effects are inhibited by dominant-negative versions of GEF-H1. Thus, GEF-H1 links changes in microtubule integrity to Rho-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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              VCAM-1 on activated endothelium interacts with the leukocyte integrin VLA-4 at a site distinct from the VLA-4/fibronectin binding site.

              Cytokine-activated human endothelial cells express vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which binds lymphocytes. We now identify the integrin VLA-4 as a receptor for VCAM-1 because VLA-4 surface expression on K-562 cells (following transfection of the VLA alpha 4 subunit cDNA) resulted in specific cell adhesion to VCAM-1, and anti-VLA-4 antibodies completely inhibited VCAM-1-dependent cell-cell attachment. In addition, VLA-4 expression allowed K-562 cells to attach to the heparin II binding region (FN-40) of fibronectin. However, VLA-4/VCAM-1 and VLA-4/FN-40 interactions are readily distinguishable: only the former was inhibited by the anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody HP1/3, and only the latter was inhibited by soluble FN-40. The VCAM-1/VLA-4 ligand-receptor pair may play a major role in the recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes to inflammatory sites in vivo.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                3 November 2004
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:20778
                88cfcb58-2b0f-40ff-99dc-ef12b7a7d3cc
                History

                Medizin,Endothel,Infektion,Infection,XG 4300,Bakterien,Pathomechanismen,Endothelium,Bacteria,Mechanism

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