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      Ocular surface adverse effects of ambient levels of air pollution Translated title: Efeitos adversos na superfície ocular relacionados à poluição ambiental

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          Abstract

          It is widely recognized today that outdoor air pollution can affect human health. Various chemical components that are present in ambient pollution may have an irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the body, particularly those of the respiratory tract. Much less attention has been focused on the adverse effect on the ocular surface, despite the fact that this structure is even more exposed to air pollution than the respiratory mucosa since only a very thin tear film separates the corneal and conjunctival epithelia from the air pollutants. So far, clinical data are the more widespread tools used by ophthalmologists for assessing possible aggression to the ocular surface; however, clinical findings alone appears not to correlate properly with the complaints presented by the patients pointing out the need for further clinical and laboratory studies on the subject. The purpose of this study is to review signs and symptoms associated with chronic long-term exposure to environmental air pollutants on the ocular structures currently defined as the ocular surface and to review clinical and laboratory tests used to investigate the adverse effects of air pollutants on such structures. We also review previous studies that investigated the adverse effects of air pollution on the ocular surface and discuss the need for further investigation on the subject.

          Translated abstract

          Sabe-se hoje que a poluição ambiental pode afetar a saúde humana. Vários componentes químicos presentes na poluição atmosférica podem acarretar uma irritação nas mucosas, particularmente no trato respiratório. Pouca ênfase tem sido dada à superfície ocular, embora esta estrutura seja até mais exposta à poluição ambiental do que o trato respiratório visto que apenas uma fina camada de filme lacrimal separa a córnea e a conjuntiva dos poluentes presentes no ar. Até o momento, a avaliação clínica é o método mais utilizado pelos oftalmologistas para se detectar uma possível agressão à superfície ocular; entretanto esta avaliação apenas não parece correlacionar-se com as queixas e sinais apresentados pelos pacientes demonstrando a necessidade de mais estudos clínicos e laboratoriais sobre o assunto. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar os sinais e sintomas associados à exposição crônica aos poluentes ambientais no ar nas estruturas oculares definidas atualmente como superfície ocular e revisar os testes clínicos e laboratoriais usados para investigar os efeitos adversos dos poluentes em tais estruturas. Também revisamos estudos prévios que analisaram os efeitos adversos da poluição do ar na superfície ocular e discutimos a necessidade de mais estudos sobre o assunto.

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          Most cited references70

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          The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007).

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          The report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the 2007 Dry Eye WorkShop summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of dry eye disease, providing prevalence and incidence data from various populations. It stresses the need to expand epidemiological studies to additional geographic regions, to incorporate multiple races and ethnicities in future studies, and to build a consensus on dry eye diagnostic criteria for epidemiological studies. Recommendations are made regarding several characteristics of dry eye questionnaires that might be suitable for use in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled clinical trials. Risk factors for dry eye and morbidity of the disease are identified, and the impact of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function are outlined. Suggestions are made for further prospective research that would lead to improvement of both eye and general public health.
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            Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000.

            Ozone has been associated with various adverse health effects, including increased rates of hospital admissions and exacerbation of respiratory illnesses. Although numerous time-series studies have estimated associations between day-to-day variation in ozone levels and mortality counts, results have been inconclusive. To investigate whether short-term (daily and weekly) exposure to ambient ozone is associated with mortality in the United States. Using analytical methods and databases developed for the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, we estimated a national average relative rate of mortality associated with short-term exposure to ambient ozone for 95 large US urban communities from 1987-2000. We used distributed-lag models for estimating community-specific relative rates of mortality adjusted for time-varying confounders (particulate matter, weather, seasonality, and long-term trends) and hierarchical models for combining relative rates across communities to estimate a national average relative rate, taking into account spatial heterogeneity. Daily counts of total non-injury-related mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in 95 large US communities during a 14-year period. A 10-ppb increase in the previous week's ozone was associated with a 0.52% increase in daily mortality (95% posterior interval [PI], 0.27%-0.77%) and a 0.64% increase in cardiovascular and respiratory mortality (95% PI, 0.31%-0.98%). Effect estimates for aggregate ozone during the previous week were larger than for models considering only a single day's exposure. Results were robust to adjustment for particulate matter, weather, seasonality, and long-term trends. These results indicate a statistically significant association between short-term changes in ozone and mortality on average for 95 large US urban communities, which include about 40% of the total US population. The findings indicate that this widespread pollutant adversely affects public health.
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              Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007).

              (2007)
              The role of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the Dry Eye Workshop was 1) to identify tests used to screen, diagnose and monitor dry eye disease, 2) to establish criteria for test performance, and 3) to consider the utility of tests in a variety of clinical settings. The committee created a database of tests used to diagnose and monitor dry eye, each compiled by an expert in the field (rapporteur) and presented within a standard template. Development of the templates involved an iterative process between the Chairman of the subcommittee, the rapporteurs, and, at times, an additional group of expert reviewers. This process is ongoing. Each rapporteur was instructed on how to the complete a template, using a proforma template and an example of a completed template. Rapporteurs used the literature and other available sources as the basis for constructing their assigned template. The chairman of the subcommittee modifed the template to produce a standardized version and reviewed it with the rapporteur. The completed database will be searchable by an alphabetical list of test names, as well as by functional groupings, for instance, tests of aqueous dynamics, lipid functions, etc. The templates can be accessed on the website of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (www.tearfilm.org). This report provides a general overview of the criteria applied in the development of tests for screening and diagnosis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abo
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia
                Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.
                Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2749
                1678-2925
                October 2011
                : 74
                : 5
                : 377-381
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Division of Ophthalmology Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27492011000500016
                10.1590/S0004-27492011000500016
                22184003
                89110363-fe72-4ca4-aaa5-b34200c72eb8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 August 2011
                : 16 October 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Clima,Corantes fluorescentes,Poluição do ar,Irritantes,Conjuntiva,Córnea,Manifestações oculares,Exposição ambiental,Poluentes do ar,Flourescent dyes,Climate,Air pollution,Irritants,Conjunctiva,Cornea,Eye manifestations,Environmental exposure,Air pollutants

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