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      Impact of climate on a bike-sharing system. Minutes of use depending on day of the week, month and season of the year Translated title: Impacto del clima en un sistema de bicicletas compartidas. Minutos de uso en función de los días de la semana, meses y estaciones del año Translated title: Impacto do clima num sistema de bicicletas compartilhadas. Minutos de uso, dependendo dos dias da semana, meses e estações do ano

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT In recent years, municipal policies have proliferated aimed at promoting the shared use of bicycles in different locations in Spain. The objectives of this article are, firstly, to determine if the impact of climate, temperature and average rainfall on the use of shared bicycles; and, secondly, to analyse if the use of these bicycles is affected by the day of the week, month or season of the year. For this purpose, a descriptive and cross-sectional study has been carried out over 3 years regarding the use of shared bicycles in a Spanish municipality. We found no significant differences in use with respect to day of the week. With respect to month, the data reveal a progressive increase in use from April to July, reaching a peak of 15.8% in the month of September. Data on meteorological variables was also obtained, revealing that mild temperatures and scarce rainfall were associated with greater use of the system.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN En los últimos años, las políticas municipales han proliferado con el objetivo de promover el uso compartido de bicicletas en diferentes localidades del territorio español. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo, en primer lugar, conocer el impacto del clima, temperaturas y precipitaciones medias en el uso de bicicletas compartidas; y, por otra parte, analizar si el uso de dichas bicicletas se ve afectado en función de los días de la semana, meses y estaciones del año. Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo y transversal a lo largo de 3 años registrando los usos de bicicletas compartidas ofertadas en un municipio español. No encontramos diferencias significativas en el uso con respecto a los días de la semana. Con relación a los meses, los datos evidenciaron un ascenso progresivo de uso desde el mes de abril hasta julio, logrando un pico del 15,6% y 15,8% en los meses de agosto y septiembre respectivamente. También se obtuvieron resultados vinculados a las variables meteorológicas, concluyéndose que las temperaturas suaves y escasas precipitaciones se asocian con un mayor número de usos del sistema.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Nos últimos anos, proliferaram políticas municipais socioesportivas destinadas a promover o uso partilhado de bicicletas em diferentes localidades da Espanha. O objetivo deste artigo é, por um lado, saber se o impacto do clima, temperaturas e precipitações médias influencia o uso de bicicletas partilhadas. E, por outro lado, analisar se o uso dessas bicicletas é afetado, dependendo dos dias da semana, meses e estações do ano. Para este propósito, um estudo descritivo e transversal foi realizado ao longo de 3 anos, registrando os usos de bicicletas partilhadas oferecidas em um município espanhol. Os resultados indicam que não foram encontradas grandes diferenças no uso em relação aos 7 dias da semana. Com relação aos meses, os dados evidenciaram um aumento progressivo no uso do mês de abril para julho, atingindo um pico de 15,6% e 15,8% nos meses de agosto e setembro, respectivamente. Também foram obtidos resultados ligados a variáveis meteorológicas, concluindo que temperaturas amenas e chuvas escassas estão associadas a um maior número de usos do sistema.

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          The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use: health impact assessment study

          Objective To estimate the risks and benefits to health of travel by bicycle, using a bicycle sharing scheme, compared with travel by car in an urban environment. Design Health impact assessment study. Setting Public bicycle sharing initiative, Bicing, in Barcelona, Spain. Participants 181 982 Bicing subscribers. Main outcomes measures The primary outcome measure was all cause mortality for the three domains of physical activity, air pollution (exposure to particulate matter <2.5 µm), and road traffic incidents. The secondary outcome was change in levels of carbon dioxide emissions. Results Compared with car users the estimated annual change in mortality of the Barcelona residents using Bicing (n=181 982) was 0.03 deaths from road traffic incidents and 0.13 deaths from air pollution. As a result of physical activity, 12.46 deaths were avoided (benefit:risk ratio 77). The annual number of deaths avoided was 12.28. As a result of journeys by Bicing, annual carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by an estimated 9 062 344 kg. Conclusions Public bicycle sharing initiatives such as Bicing in Barcelona have greater benefits than risks to health and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
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            Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future

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              Interventions to promote cycling: systematic review

              Objectives To determine what interventions are effective in promoting cycling, the size of the effects of interventions, and evidence of any associated benefits on overall physical activity or anthropometric measures. Design Systematic review. Data sources Published and unpublished reports in any language identified by searching 13 electronic databases, websites, reference lists, and existing systematic reviews, and papers identified by experts in the field. Review methods Controlled “before and after” experimental or observational studies of the effect of any type of intervention on cycling behaviour measured at either individual or population level. Results Twenty five studies (of which two were randomised controlled trials) from seven countries were included. Six studies examined interventions aimed specifically at promoting cycling, of which four (an intensive individual intervention in obese women, high quality improvements to a cycle route network, and two multifaceted cycle promotion initiatives at town or city level) were found to be associated with increases in cycling. Those studies that evaluated interventions at population level reported net increases of up to 3.4 percentage points in the population prevalence of cycling or the proportion of trips made by bicycle. Sixteen studies assessing individualised marketing of “environmentally friendly” modes of transport to interested households reported modest but consistent net effects equating to an average of eight additional cycling trips per person per year in the local population. Other interventions that targeted travel behaviour in general were not associated with a clear increase in cycling. Only two studies assessed effects of interventions on physical activity; one reported a positive shift in the population distribution of overall physical activity during the intervention. Conclusions Community-wide promotional activities and improving infrastructure for cycling have the potential to increase cycling by modest amounts, but further controlled evaluative studies incorporating more precise measures are required, particularly in areas without an established cycling culture. Studies of individualised marketing report consistent positive effects of interventions on cycling behaviour, but these findings should be confirmed using more robust study designs. Future research should also examine how best to promote cycling in children and adolescents and through workplaces. Whether interventions to promote cycling result in an increase in overall physical activity or changes in anthropometric measures is unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpd
                Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
                CPD
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain )
                1578-8423
                1989-5879
                2019
                : 19
                : 2
                : 102-112
                Affiliations
                [1] Galicia orgnameUniversidade de Vigo Spain
                [2] Galicia orgnameUniversidade da Coruña Spain
                Article
                S1578-84232019000200008 S1578-8423(19)01900200008
                8911a089-f2ce-4708-8a83-b454fce4d7ab

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 March 2019
                : 27 July 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Weather,Bike Sharing Systems, Active Transport, Physical Activity,Climatologia,Atividade Física,Transporte Ativo,Sistemas Partilhados de Bicicletas,Climatología,Actividad Física,Transporte Activo,Sistemas Compartidos de Bicicletas

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