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      Child Marriage Laws around the World: Minimum Marriage Age, Legal Exceptions, and Gender Disparities

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          ABSTRACT

          The marriage of children below 18 is widely recognized in international human rights agreements as a discriminatory global practice that hinders the development and well-being of hundreds of millions of girls. Using a new global policy database, we analyze national legislation regarding minimum marriage age, exceptions permitting marriage at earlier ages, and gender disparities in laws. While our longitudinal data indicate improvements in frequencies of countries with legal provisions that prohibit marriage below the age of 18, important gaps remain in eliminating legal exceptions and gender discrimination.

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          Maternal mortality in adolescents compared with women of other ages: evidence from 144 countries.

          Andrea Nove, Zoe Matthews, Sarah Neal … (2014)
          Adolescents are often noted to have an increased risk of death during pregnancy or childbirth compared with older women, but the existing evidence is inconsistent and in many cases contradictory. We aimed to quantify the risk of maternal death in adolescents by estimating maternal mortality ratios for women aged 15-19 years by country, region, and worldwide, and to compare these ratios with those for women in other 5-year age groups.
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            Early marriage and HIV risks in sub-Saharan Africa.

            Melody Clark (2004)
            This article examines the effects of girls' early marriage on their risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS. By comparing several underlying HIV risk factors, it explores the counterintuitive finding that married adolescent girls in urban centers in Kenya and Zambia have higher rates of HIV infection than do sexually active unmarried girls. In both countries, we find that early marriage increases coital frequency, decreases condom use, and virtually eliminates girls' ability to abstain from sex. Moreover, husbands of married girls are about three times more likely to be HIV-positive than are boyfriends of single girls. Although married girls are less likely than single girls to have multiple partners, this protective behavior may be outweighed by their greater exposure via unprotected sex with partners who have higher rates of infection. These results challenge commonly held assumptions about sex within marriage.
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              Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study.

              Anita Raj, Niranjan Saggurti, Donta Balaiah … (2009)
              Child marriage is a substantial barrier to social and economic development in India, and a primary concern for women's health. We assessed the prevalence of child marriage-ie, before 18 years of age-in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20-24 years (n=22 807), of whom 14 813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. We used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. 44.5% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years, 22.6% were married before age 16 years, and 2.6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth (adjusted OR 1.37 [95% CI 1.22-1.54]), high fertility (three or more births) (7.40 [6.45-8.50]), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months (3.00 [2.74-3.29]), multiple unwanted pregnancies (2.36 [1.90-2.94]), pregnancy termination (1.48 [1.34-1.63]), and female sterilisation (6.68 [5.78-7.60]). The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilisation all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. Increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for prevention of child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families to reduce the high fertility and poor fertility-control outcomes of this practice. US National Institutes of Health and Indian Council of Medical Research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Women Polit Policy
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Women Polit Policy
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WWAP
                Journal ID (publisher-id): wwap20
                Title: Journal of Women, Politics & Policy
                Publisher: Routledge
                ISSN (Print): 1554-477X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1554-4788
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 November 2017
                Volume: 39
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 51-74
                Affiliations
                [a ] WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California , Los Angeles, USA
                [b ] Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
                [c ] Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
                Author notes
                CONTACT Megan Arthur arthur.megan@ 123456gmail.com WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California , 621 Charles E. Young Drive S, 2213-LSBLos Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1375786
                DOI: 10.1080/1554477X.2017.1375786
                PMC ID: 6382347
                PubMed ID: 30828270
                SO-VID: 893a3b05-8870-4992-ba01-cb0194013e0f
                Copyright © © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
                History
                Page count
                Figures: 7, References: 63, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
                Award ID: OPP1107826
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: child marriage,early marriage,minimum marriage age,gender discrimination,gender inequality,comparative law,marriage law,family law,child rights,cross-national analysis,international treaties,conventions
                Data availability:
                Keywords: child marriage, early marriage, minimum marriage age, gender discrimination, gender inequality, comparative law, marriage law, family law, child rights, cross-national analysis, international treaties, conventions

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