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      The symptom representation of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of unaccompanied and accompanied refugee minors in Germany: a network analysis Translated title: La representación de síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático en una muestra de menores refugiados no acompaňados y acompaňados en alemania: un análisis de redes Translated title: 德国无人陪伴和有人陪伴未成年难民样本中创伤后应激障碍的症状表现:一个网络分析

      research-article
      a , a , b , a , c , b , a , a , b
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Network analysis, PTSD, refugee minors, DSM-5, adolescents, trauma, Análisis de redes, TEPT, menores refugiados, DSM-5, adolescentes, trauma, 网络分析, 创伤后应激障碍, 未成年难民, DSM-5, 青少年, 创伤, • This multisite study is the first network analysis involving refugee minors resettled in Europe that investigates their DSM-5 PTSD symptoms.• The study includes a large, heterogeneous and representative refugee minor sample of varying ages, trauma types, and cultural backgrounds from many countries around the globe.• Re-experiencing symptoms such as nightmares and sleeping difficulties seem to play a crucial role in this vulnerable cohort.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Given the unprecedented number of traumatized refugee minors in Europe and the increased prevalence of mental disorders such as PTSD in this vulnerable population, new methodologies that help us to better understand their symptomatology are crucial. Network analysis might help clinicians to both understand which symptoms might trigger other symptoms, and to identify relevant targets for treatment. However, to date only two studies have applied the network analysis approach to an (adult) refugee population and only three studies examined this approach in children and adolescents.

          Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the network structure and centrality of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in a cross-sectional sample of severely traumatized refugee minors.

          Method: A total of N = 419 ( M age = 16.3; 90.7% male) unaccompanied (79.9%) and accompanied (20.1%) refugee minors were recruited in five studies in southern Germany. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS). The network was estimated using state-of-the-art regularized partial correlation models using the R-package qgraph.

          Results: The most central symptoms were nightmares, physiological and psychological reactivity, and concentration problems. The strongest connections between symptoms were established for psychological and physiological reactivity, irritability/anger and self-destructive/reckless behaviour, intrusions and nightmares, nightmares and sleep disturbance, and between concentrations problems and sleep disturbance.

          Conclusion: This study furnishes information relevant to research and the clinical management of PTSD in refugee minors, and also in terms of comparisons with trauma-exposed children and adolescents without a migration background. Re-experiencing symptoms seem to be central in the refugee minor PTSD profile and thus merit special consideration in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation process. Investigating the PTSD network longitudinally and complementing between-subject analyses with within-subject ones might provide further insight into the symptomatology of refugee minors and how to treat them successfully.

           

          Antecedentes: Dado el número sin precedentes de menores traumatizados refugiados en Europa y la prevalencia aumentada de trastornos mentales tales como el TEPT en esta población vulnerable, nuevas metodologías que nos ayuden a una mejor comprensión de su sintomatologiía son cruciales. El análisis de redes podría ayudar a los clínicos, tanto para comprender qué síntomas podrían gatillar otros síntomas y para identificar blancos relevantes para el tratamiento. Sin embargo, a la fecha sólo dos estudios han aplicado la aproximación de análisis de redes a una población de refugiados (adultos) y sólo tres estudios examinaron esta aproximación en niños y adolescentes.

          Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es explorar la estructura de redes y centralidad de los síntomas de TEPT del DSM-5 en una muestra transversal de menores refugiados severamente traumatizados.

          Método: Fueron recrutados un total de N= 419 (edad M= 16.3; 90,7% masculino) menores refugiados en cinco estudios en el sur de Alemania, no acompañados (79,9%) y acompañados (20,1%). Los síntomas de TEPT fueron evaluados usando el Tamizaje de Trauma para niños y adolescentes (CATS por sus siglas en inglés). La red se estimó utilizando modelos de correlación parcial regularizados de última generación utilizando el gráfico de paquete R.

          Resultados: Los síntomas más centrales fueron las pesadillas, la reactividad fisiológica y psicológica y los problemas de concentración. Las conexiones más potentes entre síntomas estuvieron establecidas por la reactividad psicológica y fisiológica, la irritabilidad/rabia y conducta autodestructiva/impulsiva, intrusiones y pesadillas, pesadillas y alteraciones del sueño, y entre problemas de concentración y alteraciones del sueño.

          Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona información relevante para la investigación y el manejo clínico del TEPT en menores refugiados, y también en términos de comparaciones con niños y adolescentes expuestos a trauma sin antecedentes de migración. Los síntomas de re-experimentación parecen ser centrales en el perfil de TEPT en los menores refugiados y por lo tanto merece una consideración especial en el proceso de evaluación diagnóstica y el tratamiento. La investigación longitudinal de la red del TEPT y la complementación de los análisis entre sujetos con los de otro sujeto podrían proporcionar una mayor comprensión de la sintomatología de los menores refugiados y cómo tratarlos en forma exitosa.

           

          背景:鉴于欧洲受到心理创伤的未成年难民数量空前,且这一弱势群体中PTSD等精神疾患的患病率升高,有利于我们更好地了解其症候学的新方法至关重要。网络分析可以帮助临床医生了解哪些症状可能引发其他症状,并确定相应的治疗靶点。然而,到目前为止,只有两项研究将网络分析方法应用于(成人)难民群体,只有三项研究在儿童和青少年中检验了这种方法。

          目标:本研究的目标是在一个受到严重心理创伤的未成年难民横断面样本中,探讨DSM-5下PTSD症状的网络结构和中心性。

          方法:在德国南部的五项研究中总共入组419名无人陪伴(79.9%)和有人陪伴(20.1%)未成年难民(平均年龄 = 16.3; 90.7%为男性)。使用《儿童和青少年创伤筛查量表》(CATS)评估PTSD症状。使用R程序包qgraph并用最新的正则化偏相关模型估计网络。

          结果:最核心的症状是噩梦、生理和心理反应及注意力问题。症状间最强的关联建立于心理反应与生理反应,易激惹/愤怒与自毁/鲁莽行为,闯入与噩梦,噩梦与睡眠不安,以及注意力问题与睡眠不安之间。

          结论:本研究为未成年难民PTSD的研究和临床管理,以及与无移民背景的创伤暴露儿童和青少年的比较提供了相关信息。再体验症状似乎是未成年难民PTSD剖面的核心,因此在诊断和治疗评估过程中值得特别考虑。纵向探究PTSD网络并在个体间分析中补充个体内分析,可以为未成年难民的症候学以及如何成功治疗他们提供更深入的了解。

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          Most cited references32

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          Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso.

          We consider the problem of estimating sparse graphs by a lasso penalty applied to the inverse covariance matrix. Using a coordinate descent procedure for the lasso, we develop a simple algorithm--the graphical lasso--that is remarkably fast: It solves a 1000-node problem ( approximately 500,000 parameters) in at most a minute and is 30-4000 times faster than competing methods. It also provides a conceptual link between the exact problem and the approximation suggested by Meinshausen and Bühlmann (2006). We illustrate the method on some cell-signaling data from proteomics.
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            How well do network models predict observations? On the importance of predictability in network models

            Network models are an increasingly popular way to abstract complex psychological phenomena. While studying the structure of network models has led to many important insights, little attention has been paid to how well they predict observations. This is despite the fact that predictability is crucial for judging the practical relevance of edges: for instance in clinical practice, predictability of a symptom indicates whether an intervention on that symptom through the symptom network is promising. We close this methodological gap by introducing nodewise predictability, which quantifies how well a given node can be predicted by all other nodes it is connected to in the network. In addition, we provide fully reproducible code examples of how to compute and visualize nodewise predictability both for cross-sectional and time series data.
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              Replicability and Generalizability of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Networks: A Cross-Cultural Multisite Study of PTSD Symptoms in Four Trauma Patient Samples

              The growing literature conceptualizing mental disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as networks of interacting symptoms faces three key challenges. Prior studies predominantly used (a) small samples with low power for precise estimation, (b) nonclinical samples, and (c) single samples. This renders network structures in clinical data, and the extent to which networks replicate across data sets, unknown. To overcome these limitations, the present cross-cultural multisite study estimated regularized partial correlation networks of 16 PTSD symptoms across four data sets of traumatized patients receiving treatment for PTSD (total N = 2,782). Despite differences in culture, trauma type, and severity of the samples, considerable similarities emerged, with moderate to high correlations between symptom profiles (0.43–0.82), network structures (0.62–0.74), and centrality estimates (0.63–0.75). We discuss the importance of future replicability efforts to improve clinical psychological science and provide code, model output, and correlation matrices to make the results of this article fully reproducible.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                11 October 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1675990
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
                [b ]Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt , Eichstätt, Germany
                [c ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
                Author notes
                CONTACT Elisa Pfeiffer elisa.pfeiffer@ 123456uniklinik-ulm.de Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm University , Steinhoevelstraße 1, Ulm 89075, Germany
                [#]

                first author

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9742-3004
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-1494
                Article
                1675990
                10.1080/20008198.2019.1675990
                6807914
                31681465
                897256bd-4dc4-4b6d-a978-300222e47cbf
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 01 July 2019
                : 09 September 2019
                : 11 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, References: 48, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Otto-Kaessbohrer-Stiftung
                Award ID: not applicable
                Funded by: Federal Ministry of Health 10.13039/501100003107
                Award ID: 2017MIG011
                Funded by: proFor+
                Award ID: 2316
                Funded by: proFor+
                Award ID: F020310001
                Funded by: World Childhood Foundation 10.13039/100014528
                Award ID: not applicable
                This work was supported by the World Childhood Foundation, the Otto-Kaessbohrer-Stiftung, the Federal Ministry of Health under Grant [2017MIG011], and internal research funding at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt ‘proFor+’ under the Grants [F020310001] and [2316].
                Categories
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                network analysis,ptsd,refugee minors,dsm-5,adolescents,trauma,análisis de redes,tept,menores refugiados,adolescentes,网络分析,创伤后应激障碍,未成年难民,青少年,创伤,• this multisite study is the first network analysis involving refugee minors resettled in europe that investigates their dsm-5 ptsd symptoms.• the study includes a large, heterogeneous and representative refugee minor sample of varying ages, trauma types, and cultural backgrounds from many countries around the globe.• re-experiencing symptoms such as nightmares and sleeping difficulties seem to play a crucial role in this vulnerable cohort.

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