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      Responses to the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) invasion differ between habitat specialists and generalists in central European forest birds

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      Journal of Ornithology
      Springer Nature America, Inc

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          Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators.

          Understanding the ecological mechanisms that underlie extinction is fundamental to conservation. It is well established that not all taxa are equally vulnerable to extinction, but the reasons for these differences are poorly understood. This may be, in part, because different taxa are threatened by different mechanisms. Theoretically, sources of extinction risk that perturb the balance between fecundity and longevity, such as human persecution and introduced predators, should be particularly hazardous for taxa that have slow rates of population growth. In contrast, sources of extinction risk that reduce niche availability, such as habitat loss, should represent a particular threat to taxa that are ecologically specialized. Here we test these predictions by using a phylogenetic comparative method and a database on 95 families of birds. As theory predicts, extinction risk incurred through persecution and introduced predators is associated with large body size and long generation time but is not associated with degree of specialization, whereas extinction risk incurred through habitat loss is associated with habitat specialization and small body size but not with generation time. These results demonstrate the importance of considering separately the multiple mechanisms that underlie contemporary patterns of extinction. They also reveal why it has previously proven so difficult to identify simple ecological correlates of overall extinction risk.
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            Spatial segregation of specialists and generalists in bird communities.

            Each species generally has a close relationship with one or more habitats and can therefore be classified as either specialist or generalist. We studied whether specialist and generalist species are spatially distributed independently of each other. Repeating the analysis for 100 of the most frequent terrestrial bird species recorded over the 10 000 sampled sites of the French Breeding Bird survey, we found that specialists were more abundant if the rest of the community was specialized, and that the inverse was also true. This pattern was far subtler than just a simple dichotomy: most species actually presented a maximum abundance at a value of community specialization similar to their own level of specialization. Bird communities appear very well defined along a specialist-generalist gradient. We believe this pattern becomes more apparent with habitat degradation. The consequences on both ecological services and community resilience may well be considerable.
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              Interspecific Abundance-Range Size Relationships: An Appraisal of Mechanisms

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Ornithology
                J Ornithol
                Springer Nature America, Inc
                2193-7192
                2193-7206
                October 2015
                May 24 2015
                October 2015
                : 156
                : 4
                : 1015-1024
                Article
                10.1007/s10336-015-1231-4
                899556b6-0e84-4f40-ac71-15c2334c5e4c
                © 2015
                History

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