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      Impacts of nutrients and pesticides from small- and large-scale agriculture on the water quality of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          The area around Lake Ziway in Ethiopia is going through a major agricultural transformation with both small-scale farmers and large horticultural companies using pesticides and fertilisers at an increased rate. To be able to understand how this influences the water quality of Lake Ziway, water quality data was gathered to study the dynamics of pesticide concentrations and physicochemical parameters for the years from 2009 to 2015. Results indicate that for some physicochemical parameters, including pH, potassium and iron, over 50 % of the values were above the maximum permissible limit of the Ethiopian standard for drinking water. The fungicide spiroxamine poses a high chronic risk when the water is used for drinking water, while the estimated intake of diazinon was approximately 50 % of the acceptable daily intake. Higher-tier risk assessment indicated that the fungicide spiroxamine poses a high acute risk to aquatic organisms, while possible acute risks were indicated for the insecticides deltamethrin and endosulfan. Longer-term monitoring needs to be established to show the water quality changes across time and space, and the current study can be used as a baseline measurement for further research in the area as well as an example for other surface water systems in Ethiopia and Africa.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6714-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references20

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          Sustainable intensification in African agriculture

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            Principles and applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical biochemistry.

            Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is now a routine technique with the development of electrospray ionisation (ESI) providing a simple and robust interface. It can be applied to a wide range of biological molecules and the use of tandem MS and stable isotope internal standards allows highly sensitive and accurate assays to be developed although some method optimisation is required to minimise ion suppression effects. Fast scanning speeds allow a high degree of multiplexing and many compounds can be measured in a single analytical run. With the development of more affordable and reliable instruments, LC-MS is starting to play an important role in several areas of clinical biochemistry and compete with conventional liquid chromatography and other techniques such as immunoassay.
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              Insecticide species sensitivity distributions: importance of test species selection and relevance to aquatic ecosystems.

              Single-species acute toxicity data and (micro)mesocosm data were collated for 16 insecticides. These data were used to investigate the importance of test-species selection in constructing species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and the ability of estimated hazardous concentrations (HCs) to protect freshwater aquatic ecosystems. A log-normal model was fitted to a minimum of six data points, and the resulting distribution was used to estimate lower (95% confidence), median (50% confidence), and upper (5% confidence) 5% HC (HC5) values. Species sensitivity distributions for specific taxonomic groups (vertebrates, arthropods, nonarthropod invertebrates), habitats (saltwater, freshwater, lentic, lotic), and geographical regions (Palaearctic, Nearctic, temperate, tropical) were compared. The taxonomic composition of the species assemblage used to construct the SSD does have a significant influence on the assessment of hazard, but the habitat and geographical distribution of the species do not. Moreover, SSDs constructed using species recommended in test guidelines did not differ significantly from those constructed using nonrecommended species. Hazardous concentrations estimated using laboratory-derived acute toxicity data for freshwater arthropods (i.e., the most sensitive taxonomic group) were compared to the response of freshwater ecosystems exposed to insecticides. The sensitivity distributions of freshwater arthropods were similar for both field and laboratory exposure, and the lower HC5 (95% protection with 95% confidence) estimate was protective of adverse ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems. The corresponding median HC5 (95% protection level with 50% confidence) was generally protective of single applications of insecticide but not of continuous or multiple applications. In the latter cases, a safety factor of at least five should be applied to the median HC5.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +31-317-481615 , +31-317-419000 , paul.vandenbrink@wur.nl
                Journal
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0944-1344
                1614-7499
                28 April 2016
                28 April 2016
                2018
                : 25
                : 14
                : 13207-13216
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, GRID grid.4818.5, Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, , Wageningen University, Wageningen University and Research Centre, ; P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [2 ]The College of Natural Sciences, University of Addis Ababa, Arat Kilo campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, GRID grid.7123.7, Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre and Network, Addis Ababa University, ; P.O. Box 80773 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, GRID grid.4818.5, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, ; P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
                Author notes

                Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

                Article
                6714
                10.1007/s11356-016-6714-1
                5978843
                27126865
                89956aa9-3e02-4376-a297-e0e170ef3ddf
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 1 November 2015
                : 17 April 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Horn of Africa Regional Environmental Centre (HoARC)
                Funded by: PRRP-Ethiopia
                Categories
                Ecotoxicology in Tropical Regions
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

                General environmental science
                water quality,monitoring,physicochemical parameters,pesticides,risk assessment,lake ziway

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