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      Applications of Near Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Analysis of Human Respiration: A Review

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          Abstract

          In this review, applications of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy are presented as an opportunity to evaluate human respiration because the measurement of breath is fast, intact and simple to implement. Recently, analytical methods for measuring biomarkers in exhaled air have been extensively developed. With laser-based photoacoustic spectroscopy, volatile organic compounds can be identified with high sensitivity, at a high rate, and with very good selectivity. The literature review has shown the applicability of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy to one of the problems of the real world, i.e., human health. In addition, the review will consider and explore different breath sampling methods for human respiration analysis.

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          Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism.

          S. Jill James, Paul Cutler, Stepan Melnyk … (2004)
          Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that usually presents in early childhood and that is thought to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Although abnormal metabolism of methionine and homocysteine has been associated with other neurologic diseases, these pathways have not been evaluated in persons with autism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma concentrations of metabolites in the methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways in children diagnosed with autism. Plasma concentrations of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), adenosine, homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, and oxidized and reduced glutathione were measured in 20 children with autism and in 33 control children. On the basis of the abnormal metabolic profile, a targeted nutritional intervention trial with folinic acid, betaine, and methylcobalamin was initiated in a subset of the autistic children. Relative to the control children, the children with autism had significantly lower baseline plasma concentrations of methionine, SAM, homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, and total glutathione and significantly higher concentrations of SAH, adenosine, and oxidized glutathione. This metabolic profile is consistent with impaired capacity for methylation (significantly lower ratio of SAM to SAH) and increased oxidative stress (significantly lower redox ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione) in children with autism. The intervention trial was effective in normalizing the metabolic imbalance in the autistic children. An increased vulnerability to oxidative stress and a decreased capacity for methylation may contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of autism.
          Article 0 comments Cited 215 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Diagnostic potential of breath analysis--focus on volatile organic compounds.

            Wolfram Miekisch, Jochen K. Schubert, Gabriele Noeldge-Schomburg (2004)
            Breath analysis has attracted a considerable amount of scientific and clinical interest during the last decade. In contrast to NO, which is predominantly generated in the bronchial system, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the body. Exhaled ethane and pentane concentrations were elevated in inflammatory diseases. Acetone was linked to dextrose metabolism and lipolysis. Exhaled isoprene concentrations showed correlations with cholesterol biosynthesis. Exhaled levels of sulphur-containing compounds were elevated in liver failure and allograft rejection. Looking at a set of volatile markers may enable recognition and diagnosis of complex diseases such as lung or breast cancer. Due to technical problems of sampling and analysis and a lack of normalization and standardization, huge variations exist between results of different studies. This is among the main reasons why breath analysis could not yet been introduced into clinical practice. This review addresses the basic principles of breath analysis and the diagnostic potential of different volatile breath markers. Analytical procedures, issues concerning biochemistry and exhalation mechanisms of volatile substances, and future developments will be discussed.
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              Volatile organic compounds in breath as markers of lung cancer: a cross-sectional study.

              Michael Phillips, Kevin Gleeson, J Michael B Hughes … (1999)
              Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs), principally alkanes and benzene derivatives, have been identified in breath from patients with lung cancer. We investigated whether a combination of VOCs could identify such patients. We collected breath samples from 108 patients with an abnormal chest radiograph who were scheduled for bronchoscopy. The samples were collected with a portable apparatus, then assayed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The alveolar gradient of each breath VOC, the difference between the amount in breath and in air, was calculated. Forward stepwise discriminant analysis was used to identify VOCs that discriminated between patients with and without lung cancer. Lung cancer was confirmed histologically in 60 patients. A combination of 22 breath VOCs, predominantly alkanes, alkane derivatives, and benzene derivatives, discriminated between patients with and without lung cancer, regardless of stage (all p<0.0003). For stage 1 lung cancer, the 22 VOCs had 100% sensitivity and 81.3% specificity. Cross-validation of the combination correctly predicted the diagnosis in 71.7% patients with lung cancer and 66.7% of those without lung cancer. In patients with an abnormal chest radiograph, a combination of 22 VOCs in breath samples distinguished between patients with and without lung cancer. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of breath VOCs for detecting lung cancer in the general population.
              Article 0 comments Cited 191 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Igor Reva: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: April 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1728
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Physics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
                [2 ]National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; mioara.petrus@ 123456inflpr.ro (M.P.); ana.magureanu@ 123456inflpr.ro (A.-M.B.); cristina.achim@ 123456inflpr.ro (C.P.)
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4407-0292
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3881-6956
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-01728
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071728
                PMC ID: 7180475
                PubMed ID: 32283766
                SO-VID: 89a2d14b-d3a5-467d-93a0-8cbe3aa71827
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 March 2020
                Date accepted : 07 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: photoacoustic spectroscopy,breath analysis,biomarkers
                Data availability:
                Keywords: photoacoustic spectroscopy, breath analysis, biomarkers

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