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      Lupeol Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Correlation with Modulation of PI3K/Akt Pathway

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          Abstract

          Background/Aim

          This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of lupeol on cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats.

          Methods

          The effects of lupeol on cerebral infarction, cerebral water content, neurological symptoms and cerebral blood flow in rats were evaluated. Nissl staining was carried out to assess the neuronal damage of ischemic brain after I/R in rats. Apoptosis of ischemic brain neurons after I/R was detected by TUNEL staining. Western blotting was carried out to detect the effects of lupeol on the expression of p-PDK1, p-Akt, pc-Raf, p-BAD, cleaved caspase-3 and p-PTEN.

          Results

          Lupeol significantly increased cerebral blood flow after I/R in rats, reduced brain water content and infarct volume, and decreased neurological function scores. It significantly reduced neuronal damage after I/R in rats, and significantly reduced neuronal cell loss. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) can eliminate the effect of lupeol on I/R in rats. In addition, lupeol significantly increased the protein expression of p-PDK1, p-Akt, pc-Raf, p-BAD, and down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3. LY294002 reversed the effects of lupeol on the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related proteins and cleaved caspase-3 after I/R in rats.

          Conclusion

          Lupeol had significant neuroprotective effects on brain I/R injury and neuronal apoptosis, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

          Most cited references29

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          Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy.

          Diffusion-weighted MR images were compared with T2-weighted MR images and correlated with 1H spin-echo and 31P MR spectroscopy for 6-8 h following a unilateral middle cerebral and bilateral carotid artery occlusion in eight cats. Diffusion-weighted images using strong gradient strengths (b values of 1413 s/mm2) displayed a significant relative hyperintensity in ischemic regions as early as 45 min after onset of ischemia whereas T2-weighted spin-echo images failed to clearly demonstrate brain injury up to 2-3 h postocclusion. Signal intensity ratios (SIR) of ischemic to normal tissues were greater in the diffusion-weighted images at all times than in either TE 80 or TE 160 ms T2-weighted MR images. Diffusion- and T2-weighted SIR did not correlate for the first 1-2 h postocclusion. Good correlation was found between diffusion-weighted SIR and ischemic disturbances of energy metabolism as detected by 31P and 1H MR spectroscopy. Diffusion-weighted hyperintensity in ischemic tissues may be temperature-related, due to rapid accumulation of diffusion-restricted water in the intracellular space (cytotoxic edema) resulting from the breakdown of the transmembrane pump and/or to microscopic brain pulsations.
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            Lupeol, a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene.

            In the Western world, an average of 250 mg per day of triterpenes (member of phytosterol family), largely derived from vegetable oils, cereals, fruits and vegetables is consumed by humans. During the last decade, there has been an unprecedented escalation of interest in triterpenes due to their cholesterol-lowering properties and evidence of this phenomenon include at least 25 clinical studies, 20 patents and at least 10 major commercially triterpene-based products currently being sold all around the world. Lupeol a triterpene (also known as Fagarsterol) found in white cabbage, green pepper, strawberry, olive, mangoes and grapes was reported to possess beneficial effects as a therapeutic and preventive agent for a range of disorders. Last 15 years have seen tremendous efforts by researchers worldwide to develop this wonderful molecule for its clinical use for the treatment of variety of disorders. These studies also provide insight into the mechanism of action of Lupeol and suggest that it is a multi-target agent with immense anti-inflammatory potential targeting key molecular pathways which involve nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB), cFLIP, Fas, Kras, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/beta-catenin in a variety of cells. It is noteworthy that Lupeol at its effective therapeutic doses exhibit no toxicity to normal cells and tissues. This mini review provides detailed account of preclinical studies conducted to determine the utility of Lupeol as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent for the treatment of inflammation and cancer.
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              Exploring the specificity of the PI3K family inhibitor LY294002.

              The PI3Ks (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases) regulate cellular signalling networks that are involved in processes linked to the survival, growth, proliferation, metabolism and specialized differentiated functions of cells. The subversion of this network is common in cancer and has also been linked to disorders of inflammation. The elucidation of the physiological function of PI3K has come from pharmacological studies, which use the enzyme inhibitors Wortmannin and LY294002, and from PI3K genetic knockout models of the effects of loss of PI3K function. Several reports have shown that LY294002 is not exclusively selective for the PI3Ks, and could in fact act on other lipid kinases and additional apparently unrelated proteins. Since this inhibitor still remains a drug of choice in numerous PI3K studies (over 500 in the last year), it is important to establish the precise specificity of this compound. We report here the use of a chemical proteomic strategy in which an analogue of LY294002, PI828, was immobilized onto epoxy-activated Sepharose beads. This affinity material was then used as a bait to fish-out potential protein targets from cellular extracts. Proteins with high affinity for immobilized PI828 were separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. The present study reveals that LY294002 not only binds to class I PI3Ks and other PI3K-related kinases, but also to novel targets seemingly unrelated to the PI3K family.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                NDT
                neurodist
                Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
                Dove
                1176-6328
                1178-2021
                02 June 2020
                2020
                : 16
                : 1381-1390
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050031, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Sergeant School of Army Medical University , Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050031, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Shujuan Tian Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , No. 89 Donggang Road, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province050031, People’s Republic of China Email prbdmhflsoxh81@163.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                237406
                10.2147/NDT.S237406
                7276199
                32581541
                89c023ef-0e63-4c2c-b75c-636f359e26da
                © 2020 Wang et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 05 November 2019
                : 08 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, References: 34, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Original Research

                Neurology
                lupeol,pi3k/akt,apoptosis,cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injury
                Neurology
                lupeol, pi3k/akt, apoptosis, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injury

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