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      ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CAUSED BY Crotalus AND Bothrops SNAKE VENOM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT Translated title: Lesão renal aguda causada pelo veneno das cobras Crotalus e Bothrops: revisão da epidemiologia, das manifestações clínicas e do tratamento

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY

          Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO

          Os acidentes ofídicos são importante problema de saúde pública devido à incidência, morbidade e mortalidade. Aumento do número de casos tem sido registrado no Brasil nos últimos anos. Vários estudos apontam para a importância do conhecimento das complicações clínicas e do tratamento adequado desses acidentes. Entretanto o conhecimento dos fatores de risco não é suficiente, e existe número crescente de óbitos devido a esses acidentes no Brasil. Neste contexto, a injúria renal aguda (IRA) aparece como uma das principais causas de óbito e sequela nestas vítimas, que são principalmente homens trabalhadores de zonas rurais. Os gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus são os principais responsáveis pelo envolvimento renal nos acidentes ofídicos na América do Sul. O presente estudo faz uma revisão da literatura sobre a IRA causada pela picada das serpentes dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus em suas diversas características, enfatizando a abordagem terapêutica mais adequada para estes casos. Estudos recentes tem sido realizados para a busca de terapias complementares para o tratamento dos acidentes ofídicos, incluindo o uso de ácido lipóico, sinvastatina e alopurinol. Algumas plantas, como a Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae e Rubiaceae parecem ter papel benéfico no tratamento destes envenenamentos. Estudos futuros irão certamente encontrar novas estratégias terapêuticas para os acidentes ofídicos.

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          Most cited references125

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          Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation.

          J Chippaux (1998)
          The true global incidence of envenomations and their severity remain largely misunderstood, except for a few countries where these accidents are rare or are correctly reported. Nevertheless, this information is essential for drawing up guidelines for dealing with snake-bites, to plan drug supplies, particularly antivenin, and to train medical staff on snake-bite treatments. Since the comprehensive review by Swaroop & Grab in 1954 no global survey has been carried out on snake-bite epidemiology. The present article is an attempt to draw the attention of health authorities to snake envenomations and urges them to prepare therapeutic protocols adapted to their needs.
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            Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Bothrops asper bites.

            Bothrops asper inflicts the majority of snakebites in Central America and in the northern regions of South America, mostly affecting young agricultural workers in rural settings. This species is capable of provoking severe envenomings associated with local and systemic manifestations. The main clinical features are: local edema, ecchymoses, blisters, dermonecrosis, myonecrosis, defibrinogenation, thrombocytopenia, systemic bleeding, hypotension and renal alterations. In addition, soft-tissue infection, acute renal failure, compartmental syndrome, central nervous system hemorrhage and, in pregnant women, abortion, fetal wastage and abruptio placentae have been described as complications. Intravenous administration of antivenom constitutes the mainstay in the therapy. Antivenoms composed of either whole IgG or F(ab')(2) fragments, manufactured in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica and Mexico, have been tested in controlled clinical trials, and rational protocols for antivenom administration have been developed. In addition to antivenom therapy, a number of ancillary interventions are recommended in the treatment of B. asper bites.
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              Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: a prospective survey on 100 patients.

              Acute renal failure (ARF) is the main cause of death after the South American crotalid snakebite. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and characteristics of Crotalus durissus venom-induced ARF. One hundred cases of Crotalus durissus bite were studied from hospitalization to discharge or death. Creatinine clearance (GFR) 2 hours (OR 11.1, P= 0.032), CK at admission >2000 U/L (OR 12.7, P= 0.0009) were identified as independent risk factors for ARF, whereas diuresis at admission >90 mL/hr (OR 0.20, P= 0.014) was an independent protector factor. C. durissus venom-induced ARF had high prevalence (29%). Delay for AV treatment, CK at admission >2000 U/L, and age 90 mL/hr was a protective factor.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical
                0036-4665
                1678-9946
                Sep-Oct 2013
                Sep-Oct 2013
                : 55
                : 5
                : 295-301
                Affiliations
                [(1) ] Toxicological Assistance Center, Instituto Dr José Frota, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Toxicological Assistance Center, Instituto Dr. José Frota. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
                [(2) ] Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
                [(3) ] School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Elizabeth De Francesco Daher. R. Vicente Linhares 1198. 60135-270 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Phone/Fax: +55 85 32249725, +55 85 32613777. E-mail: ef.daher@ 123456uol.com.br , geraldobezerrajr@ 123456yahoo.com.br , pollylemos@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Article
                S0036-46652013000500001
                10.1590/S0036-46652013000500001
                4105065
                24037282
                89c93937-f35b-4fc0-b52f-fdc0331872fe

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 January 2013
                : 27 March 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 47, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Review

                snakebites,ophidic accidents,acute kidney injury,complications

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