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      Response Inhibition Induced in the Stop-signal Task by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Pre-supplementary Motor Area and Primary Sensoriomotor Cortex

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          Abstract

          [Purpose] This study examined whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of both the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and primary sensoriomotor cortex (M1) alters the response time in response inhibition using the stop-signal task (SST). [Methods] Forty healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly tested under the three: the pre-SMA tDCS, M1 tDCS, and Sham tDCS conditions. All subjects performed a SST in two consecutive phases: without or after the delivery of anodal tDCS over one of the target sites (pre-SMA or the M1) and under the Sham tDCS condition. [Results] Our findings demonstrated significant reductions in the stop processing times after the anodal tDCS over pre-SMA, and change response times were significantly greater under the pre-SMA tDCS condition compared to both the M1 tDCS condition and the Sham tDCS condition. There was no significant major effect after delivery of the tDCS for the go processing times observed among the three conditions. [Conclusion] Anodal tDCS of the pre-SMA or M1 during performance of the SST resulted in enhancement of the volitional stop movement in inhibitory control. Our results suggest that when concurrently applied with the SST, tDCS might be a useful adjuvant therapeutic modality for modulation of the response inhibition and its related dynamic behavioral changes between motor execution and suppression.

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          Most cited references24

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          Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation.

          Since the rediscovery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) about 10 years ago, interest in tDCS has grown exponentially. A noninvasive stimulation technique that induces robust excitability changes within the stimulated cortex, tDCS is increasingly being used in proof-of-principle and stage IIa clinical trials in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Alongside these clinical studies, detailed work has been performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. In this review, the authors bring together the results from these pharmacological, neurophysiological, and imaging studies to describe their current knowledge of the physiological effects of tDCS. In addition, the theoretical framework for how tDCS affects motor learning is proposed.
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            Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark.

            Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we have evaluated the anatomical location of the motor hand area. The segment of the precentral gyrus that most often contained motor hand function was a knob-like structure, that is shaped like an omega or epsilon in the axial plane and like a hook in the sagittal plane. On the cortical surface of cadaver specimens this precentral knob corresponded precisely to the characteristic 'middle knee' of the central sulcus that has been described by various anatomists in the last century. We were then able to show that this knob is a reliable landmark for identifying the precentral gyrus directly. We therefore conclude that neural elements involved in motor hand function are located in a characteristic 'precentral knob' which is a reliable landmark for identifying the precentral gyrus under normal and pathological conditions. It faces and forms the 'middle knee' of the central sulcus, is located just at the cross point between the precentral sulcus and the central sulcus, and is therefore also visible on the cortical surface.
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              Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex.

              Weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human motor cortex results in excitability shifts which occur during and after stimulation. These excitability shifts are polarity-specific with anodal tDCS enhancing excitability, and cathodal reducing it. To explore the origin of this excitability modulation in more detail, we measured the input-output curve and motor thresholds as global parameters of cortico-spinal excitability, and determined intracortical inhibition and facilitation, as well as facilitatory indirect wave (I-wave) interactions. Measurements were performed during short-term tDCS, which elicits no after-effects, and during other tDCS protocols which do elicit short- and long-lasting after-effects. Resting and active motor thresholds remained stable during and after tDCS. The slope of the input-output curve was increased by anodal tDCS and decreased by cathodal tDCS. Anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex reduced intracortical inhibition and enhanced facilitation after tDCS but not during tDCS. Cathodal tDCS reduced facilitation during, and additionally increased inhibition after its administration. During tDCS, I-wave facilitation was not influenced but, for the after-effects, anodal tDCS increased I-wave facilitation, while cathodal tDCS had only minor effects. These results suggest that the effect of tDCS on cortico-spinal excitability during a short period of stimulation (which does not induce after-effects) primarily depends on subthreshold resting membrane potential changes, which are able to modulate the input-output curve, but not motor thresholds. In contrast, the after-effects of tDCS are due to shifts in intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and at least partly also to facilitatory I-wave interaction, which is controlled by synaptic activity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Phys Ther Sci
                J Phys Ther Sci
                JPTS
                Journal of Physical Therapy Science
                The Society of Physical Therapy Science
                0915-5287
                2187-5626
                20 October 2013
                September 2013
                : 25
                : 9
                : 1083-1086
                Affiliations
                [1) ] Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam College of Science and Technology
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Kwon Jung Won, Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam College of Science and Technology: 174 Hyunchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 705-703, Republic of Korea. TEL: +82 53-650-9700, FAX: +82 53-629-5048 E-mail: kjwonpt@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                jpts-2013-092
                10.1589/jpts.25.1083
                3818760
                24259920
                8a01590d-2321-47a7-b5ca-0f4d4e8ee87a
                2013©by the Society of Physical Therapy Science

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                : 27 March 2013
                : 14 April 2013
                Categories
                Original

                transcranial direct current stimulation,stop signal task,response inhibition

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