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      Lysyl oxidase inhibition enhances browning of white adipose tissue and adaptive thermogenesis

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          Abstract

          Accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that activation of beige fat increases cellular energy expenditure, ultimately reducing adiposity. Here, we report the central role of adipocyte-derived lysyl oxidase (Lox) in the formation of thermogenic beige fat. Mice exposed to cold or a β3 agonist showed drastically lower Lox expression in thermogenically activated beige fat. Importantly, inhibition of Lox activity with BAPN stimulated biogenesis of beige fat in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) under housing conditions and potentiated cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis and beiging in both iWAT and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Notably, white adipocytes with Lox repression undergo transdifferentiation into beige adipocytes which can be suppressed by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) via ERK activation. This work provides new insight into the molecular control to expand beige fat by Lox inhibition and suggest the potential for utilizing inhibitor of Lox to treat the emerging epidemics of obesity and diabetes.

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          A PGC1α-dependent myokine that drives browning of white fat and thermogenesis

          Exercise benefits a variety of organ systems in mammals, and some of the best-recognized effects of exercise on muscle are mediated by the transcriptional coactivator PGC1α Here we show that PGC1α expression in muscle stimulates an increase in expression of Fndc5, a membrane protein that is cleaved and secreted as a new hormone, irisin. Irisin acts on white adipose cells in culture and in vivo to stimulate UCP1 expression and a broad program of brown fat-like development. Irisin is induced with exercise in mice and humans, and mildly increased irisin levels in blood cause an increase in energy expenditure in mice with no changes in movement or food intake. This results in improvements in obesity and glucose homeostasis. Irisin could be a protein therapeutic for human metabolic disease and other disorders that are improved with exercise.
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            Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human.

            Brown fat generates heat via the mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP1, defending against hypothermia and obesity. Recent data suggest that there are two distinct types of brown fat: classical brown fat derived from a myf-5 cellular lineage and UCP1-positive cells that emerge in white fat from a non-myf-5 lineage. Here, we report the isolation of "beige" cells from murine white fat depots. Beige cells resemble white fat cells in having extremely low basal expression of UCP1, but, like classical brown fat, they respond to cyclic AMP stimulation with high UCP1 expression and respiration rates. Beige cells have a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown fat and are preferentially sensitive to the polypeptide hormone irisin. Finally, we provide evidence that previously identified brown fat deposits in adult humans are composed of beige adipocytes. These data provide a foundation for studying this mammalian cell type with therapeutic potential. PAPERCLIP: Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential.

              Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible 'brown-like' adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Genes Dis
                Genes Dis
                Genes & Diseases
                Chongqing Medical University
                2352-4820
                2352-3042
                10 October 2020
                January 2022
                10 October 2020
                : 9
                : 1
                : 140-150
                Affiliations
                [1]Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Fax: +86 21 64033738. haiyanhuang@ 123456shmu.edu.cn
                [1]

                Contribute equally to this paper.

                Article
                S2352-3042(20)30126-4
                10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.001
                8720662
                8a231575-a049-4cf0-8a29-8931df9c75d1
                © 2020 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 4 August 2020
                : 24 September 2020
                : 5 October 2020
                Categories
                Full Length Article

                adaptive thermogenesis,bat,beige fat,lysyl oxidase,tnfα
                adaptive thermogenesis, bat, beige fat, lysyl oxidase, tnfα

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