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      Work–Family Conflict and Self-Rated Health: the Role of Gender and Educational Level. Baseline Data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          This study examined gender differences in the association between work–family conflict and self-rated health and evaluated the effect of educational attainment.

          Method

          We used baseline data from ELSA-Brasil, a cohort study of civil servants from six Brazilian state capitals. Our samples included 12,017 active workers aged 34–72 years. Work–family conflict was measured by four indicators measuring effects of work on family, effects of family in work and lack of time for leisure and personal care.

          Results

          Women experienced more frequent work–family conflict, but in both genders, increased work–family conflict directly correlated with poorer self-rated health. Women’s educational level interacted with three work–family conflict indicators. For time-based effects of work on family, highly educated women had higher odds of suboptimal self-rated health (OR = 1.54; 95 % CI = 1.19–1.99) than less educated women (OR = 1.14; 95 % CI = 0.92–1.42). For strain-based effects of work on family, women with higher and lower education levels had OR = 1.91 (95 % CI 1.48–2.47) and OR = 1.40 (95 % CI 1.12–1.75), respectively. For lack of time for leisure and personal care, women with higher and lower education levels had OR = 2.60 (95 % CI = 1.95–3.47) and OR = 1.11 (95 % CI = 0.90–1.38), respectively.

          Conclusion

          Women’s education level affects the relationship between work–family conflict and self-rated health. The results may contribute to prevention activities.

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          Most cited references38

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          Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: testing a model of the work-family interface.

          A comprehensive model of the work-family interface was developed and tested. The proposed model extended prior research by explicitly distinguishing between work interfering with family and family interfering with work. This distinction allowed testing of hypotheses concerning the unique antecedents and outcomes of both forms of work-family conflict and a reciprocal relationship between them. The influence of gender, race, and job type on the generalizability of the model was also examined. Data were obtained through household interviews with a random sample of 631 individuals. The model was tested with structural equation modeling techniques. Results were strongly supportive. In addition, although the model was invariant across gender and race, there were differences across blue- and white-collar workers. Implications for future research on the work-family interface are discussed.
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            Generalized Collinearity Diagnostics

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              Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load.

              Stress is a condition of human existence and a factor in the expression of disease. A broader view of stress is that it is not just the dramatic stressful events that exact their toll but rather the many events of daily life that elevate activities of physiological systems to cause some measure of wear and tear. We call this wear and tear "allostatic load," and it reflects not only the impact of life experiences but also of genetic load; individual habits reflecting items such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse; and developmental experiences that set life-long patterns of behavior and physiological reactivity (see McEwen). Hormones associated with stress and allostatic load protect the body in the short run and promote adaptation, but in the long run allostatic load causes changes in the body that lead to disease. This will be illustrated for the immune system and brain. Among the most potent of stressors are those arising from competitive interactions between animals of the same species, leading to the formation of dominance hierarchies. Psychosocial stress of this type not only impairs cognitive function of lower ranking animals, but it can also promote disease (e.g. atherosclerosis) among those vying for the dominant position. Social ordering in human society is also associated with gradients of disease, with an increasing frequency of mortality and morbidity as one descends the scale of socioeconomic status that reflects both income and education. Although the causes of these gradients of health are very complex, they are likely to reflect, with increasing frequency at the lower end of the scale, the cumulative burden of coping with limited resources and negative life events and the allostatic load that this burden places on the physiological systems involved in coping and adaptation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +55-21-2562-1557 , rohgriep@gmail.com
                Journal
                Int J Behav Med
                Int J Behav Med
                International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
                Springer US (New York )
                1070-5503
                1532-7558
                23 November 2015
                23 November 2015
                2016
                : 23
                : 372-382
                Affiliations
                [ ]Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360 Brazil
                [ ]Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [ ]Department of Geography, Portsmouth University, Portsmouth, UK
                [ ]National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [ ]Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
                [ ]Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6250-2036
                Article
                9523
                10.1007/s12529-015-9523-x
                4863030
                26597924
                8a24bada-363f-4b8e-ae52-49d6dfb2c2a3
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Forte: Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
                Award ID: Forte 2014-2680
                Award ID: Forte 2012-0615
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: International Cooperation Program CAPES/STINT
                Funded by: National Research Council (CNPq)
                Award ID: 303251/2013-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: CAPES - Brazilian Ministry of Education
                Award ID: 99999.012455/2013-00
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: CNPq
                Award ID: 300159/99-4
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © International Society of Behavioral Medicine 2016

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                gender,work and family conflict,self-rated health,educational level,elsa-brasil cohort study

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