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      Comparing Interrater reliability between eye examination and eye self-examination 1

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          Resume

          Objective:

          to compare Interrater reliability concerning two eye assessment methods.

          Method:

          quasi-experimental study conducted with 324 college students including eye self-examination and eye assessment performed by the researchers in a public university. Kappa coefficient was used to verify agreement.

          Results:

          reliability coefficients between Interraters ranged from 0.85 to 0.95, with statistical significance at 0.05. The exams to check for near acuity and peripheral vision presented a reasonable kappa >0.2. The remaining coefficients were higher, ranging from very to totally reliable.

          Conclusion:

          comparatively, the results of both methods were similar. The virtual manual on eye self-examination can be used to screen for eye conditions.

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          Most cited references18

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          Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education

          Purpose To investigate whether myopia is becoming more common across Europe and explore whether increasing education levels, an important environmental risk factor for myopia, might explain any temporal trend. Design Meta-analysis of population-based, cross-sectional studies from the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium. Participants The E3 Consortium is a collaborative network of epidemiological studies of common eye diseases in adults across Europe. Refractive data were available for 61 946 participants from 15 population-based studies performed between 1990 and 2013; participants had a range of median ages from 44 to 78 years. Methods Noncycloplegic refraction, year of birth, and highest educational level achieved were obtained for all participants. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent ≤−0.75 diopters. A random-effects meta-analysis of age-specific myopia prevalence was performed, with sequential analyses stratified by year of birth and highest level of educational attainment. Main Outcome Measures Variation in age-specific myopia prevalence for differing years of birth and educational level. Results There was a significant cohort effect for increasing myopia prevalence across more recent birth decades; age-standardized myopia prevalence increased from 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.6–18.1) to 23.5% (95% CI, 23.2–23.7) in those born between 1910 and 1939 compared with 1940 and 1979 (P = 0.03). Education was significantly associated with myopia; for those completing primary, secondary, and higher education, the age-standardized prevalences were 25.4% (CI, 25.0–25.8), 29.1% (CI, 28.8–29.5), and 36.6% (CI, 36.1–37.2), respectively. Although more recent birth cohorts were more educated, this did not fully explain the cohort effect. Compared with the reference risk of participants born in the 1920s with only primary education, higher education or being born in the 1960s doubled the myopia prevalence ratio–2.43 (CI, 1.26–4.17) and 2.62 (CI, 1.31–5.00), respectively—whereas individuals born in the 1960s and completing higher education had approximately 4 times the reference risk: a prevalence ratio of 3.76 (CI, 2.21–6.57). Conclusions Myopia is becoming more common in Europe; although education levels have increased and are associated with myopia, higher education seems to be an additive rather than explanatory factor. Increasing levels of myopia carry significant clinical and economic implications, with more people at risk of the sight-threatening complications associated with high myopia.
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            The effect of a decision aid on informed decision-making in the era of non-invasive prenatal testing: a randomised controlled trial.

            Early in pregnancy women and their partners face the complex decision on whether or not to participate in prenatal testing for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Several studies show that the majority of pregnant women currently do not make informed decisions regarding prenatal testing. As the range of prenatal tests is expanding due to the development of new techniques such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), autonomous reproductive decision-making is increasingly challenging. In this study, a randomised controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a web-based multimedia decision aid on decision-making regarding prenatal testing. The decision aid provided both written and audiovisual information on prenatal tests currently available, that is, prenatal screening by first-trimester combined testing, NIPT and invasive diagnostic testing through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Furthermore, it contained values clarification exercises encouraging pregnant women to reflect on the potential harms and benefits of having prenatal tests performed. The use of the decision aid improved informed decision-making regarding prenatal testing. Of pregnant women allocated to the intervention group (n=130) 82.3% made an informed choice compared with 66.4% of women in the control group (n=131), P=0.004. As the vast majority of pregnant women made decisions consistent with their attitudes towards having prenatal testing performed, this improvement in informed decision-making could be attributed mainly to an increase in decision-relevant knowledge. This study shows that the implementation of a web-based multimedia decision aid directly facilitates the ultimate goal of prenatal testing for fetal chromosomal abnormalities, which is enabling informed autonomous reproductive choice.
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              Three-dimensional vascular imaging of proliferative diabetic retinopathy by Doppler optical coherence tomography.

              To evaluate the 3-dimensional architecture of neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy using Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT). Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Seventeen eyes of 14 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were prospectively studied. Prototype Doppler OCT was used to evaluate the 3-dimensional vascular architecture at vitreoretinal adhesions. Proliferative membranes were detected in all eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy by standard OCT images. Doppler OCT images detected blood flow by neovascularization of the disc in 12 eyes and neovascularization elsewhere in 11 eyes. Doppler OCT images showed the 3-dimensional extent of new vessels at various stages of neovascularization, and the extent of new vessels could be clearly confirmed at vitreoretinal adhesions. Doppler OCT is useful for the detection and evaluation of the 3-dimensional vascular structure of neovascularization, and can assist in the noninvasive assessment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                19 October 2017
                2017
                : 25
                : e2966
                Affiliations
                [2 ]PhD, Adjunct Professor, Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
                [3 ]PhD, Full Professor, Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federa do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
                [4 ]PhD, Assistant Professor, Centro Universitário Estácio do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
                [5 ]PhD, Adjunct Professor, Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federa do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Maria Alzete de Lima Rua Desportista Jeremias Pinheiro da Câmara Filho, 270, Ap. 1607, Torre B Condominio Royal Park Bairro: Ponta Negra CEP: 59091-250, Natal, RN, Brasil E-mail: alzetelima@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Article
                00379
                10.1590/1518-8345.1232.2966
                5656336
                29069269
                8a2d54d6-e600-41bb-bcb1-5b1fe4219501
                Copyright © 2017 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 14 September 2015
                : 22 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 3, References: 14, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original Article

                nursing,eye health,self-examination,educational technology,ophthalmology,self care.

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