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      Diversification of the cold-adapted butterfly genus Oeneis related to Holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts.

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          Abstract

          Both geographical and ecological speciation interact during the evolution of a clade, but the relative contribution of these processes is rarely assessed for cold-dwelling biota. Here, we investigate the role of biogeography and the evolution of ecological traits on the diversification of the Holarctic arcto-alpine butterfly genus Oeneis (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the genus based on one mitochondrial (COI) and three nuclear (GAPDH, RpS5, wingless) genes. We inferred the biogeographical scenario and the ancestral state reconstructions of climatic and habitat requirements. Within the genus, we detected five main species groups corresponding to the taxonomic division and further paraphyletic position of Neominois (syn. n.). Next, we transferred O. aktashi from the hora to the polixenes species group on the bases of molecular relationships. We found that the genus originated in the dry grasslands of the mountains of Central Asia and dispersed over the Beringian Land Bridges to North America several times independently. Holarctic mountains, in particular the Asian Altai Mts. and Sayan Mts., host the oldest lineages and most of the species diversity. Arctic species are more recent, with Pliocene or Pleistocene origin. We detected a strong phylogenetic signal for the climatic niche, where one lineage diversified towards colder conditions. Altogether, our results indicate that both dispersal across geographical areas and occupation of distinct climatic niches promoted the diversification of the Oeneis genus.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
          Molecular phylogenetics and evolution
          Elsevier BV
          1095-9513
          1055-7903
          Nov 2015
          : 92
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: irena.slamova@gmail.com.
          [2 ] Bodrocká 30, 821 07 Bratislava, Slovakia.
          [3 ] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
          [4 ] University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
          Article
          S1055-7903(15)00182-7
          10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.012
          26166775
          8a3e811b-5557-41d2-b1f7-2faad3ec1f3b
          History

          Lepidoptera,Molecular systematics,Niche evolution,Quaternary,Satyrinae,Temperate

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