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      Linking What We Eat to Our Mood: A Review of Diet, Dietary Antioxidants, and Depression

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          Abstract

          Studies have shown that diet and nutrition play significant roles in the prevention of depression and its clinical treatment. The present review aims to provide a clear understanding of the associations between diet patterns, specific foods, nutrients such as antioxidants, and depression. As a result, balanced dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet and certain foods such as fish, fresh vegetables, and fruits have been associated with a lower risk of depression or depressive symptoms, while high-fat Western diets and sugar-sweetened beverages have been associated with higher risk of depression or depressive symptoms. Dietary antioxidants such as green tea polyphenols or isoflavonoid intake have been negatively associated with depression or depressive symptoms. It is concluded that diet patterns, specific foods, and antioxidants play important roles in the prevention and clinical treatment of depression.

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          Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants.

          Ronald S. Duman, George Aghajanian, Gerard Sanacora … (2016)
          Depression is a common, devastating illness. Current pharmacotherapies help many patients, but high rates of a partial response or no response, and the delayed onset of the effects of antidepressant therapies, leave many patients inadequately treated. However, new insights into the neurobiology of stress and human mood disorders have shed light on mechanisms underlying the vulnerability of individuals to depression and have pointed to novel antidepressants. Environmental events and other risk factors contribute to depression through converging molecular and cellular mechanisms that disrupt neuronal function and morphology, resulting in dysfunction of the circuitry that is essential for mood regulation and cognitive function. Although current antidepressants, such as serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, produce subtle changes that take effect in weeks or months, it has recently been shown that treatment with new agents results in an improvement in mood ratings within hours of dosing patients who are resistant to typical antidepressants. Within a similar time scale, these new agents have also been shown to reverse the synaptic deficits caused by stress.
          Article 0 comments Cited 521 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cytokines and major depression.

            Olga Schiepers, Marieke Wichers, Michael Maes (2005)
            In the research field of psychoneuroimmunology, accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of reciprocal communication pathways between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. In this respect, there has been increasing interest in the putative involvement of the immune system in psychiatric disorders. In the present review, the role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma, in the aetiology and pathophysiology of major depression, is discussed. The 'cytokine hypothesis of depression' implies that proinflammatory cytokines, acting as neuromodulators, represent the key factor in the (central) mediation of the behavioural, neuroendocrine and neurochemical features of depressive disorders. This view is supported by various findings. Several medical illnesses, which are characterised by chronic inflammatory responses, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, have been reported to be accompanied by depression. In addition, administration of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. in cancer or hepatitis C therapies, has been found to induce depressive symptomatology. Administration of proinflammatory cytokines in animals induces 'sickness behaviour', which is a pattern of behavioural alterations that is very similar to the behavioural symptoms of depression in humans. The central action of cytokines may also account for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity that is frequently observed in depressive disorders, as proinflammatory cytokines may cause HPA axis hyperactivity by disturbing the negative feedback inhibition of circulating corticosteroids (CSs) on the HPA axis. Concerning the deficiency in serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission that is concomitant with major depression, cytokines may reduce 5-HT levels by lowering the availability of its precursor tryptophan (TRP) through activation of the TRP-metabolising enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.
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              Immunological aspects in the neurobiology of suicide: elevated microglial density in schizophrenia and depression is associated with suicide.

              Johann Steiner, Hendrik Bielau, Ralf Brisch … (2008)
              Suicide has a high prevalence in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. Our recent postmortem study [Steiner J, Mawrin C, Ziegeler A, Bielau H, Ullrich O, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B. Distribution of HLA-DR-positive microglia in schizophrenia reflects impaired cerebral lateralization. Acta Neuropathologica (Berl) 2006;112:305-16.] revealed increased microglial densities in two schizophrenic patients who had committed suicide. Therefore, the hypothesis of microglial activation during acute psychosis was proposed. Alternatively, "suicide" could be a diagnosis-independent factor leading to microgliosis. To clarify this question, microglial HLA-DR expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and hippocampus of 16 schizophrenics, 14 depressed patients with affective disorder and 10 matched controls. A subgroup of six schizophrenics and seven patients with affective disorder who committed suicide was included. ANOVA revealed no effect of diagnosis on microglial density (DLPFC: P=0.469; ACC: P=0.349; MD: P=0.569; hippocampus: P=0.497). However, significant microgliosis was observed in the DLPFC (P=0.004), ACC (P=0.012) and MD (P=0.004) of suicide patients. A similar trend was seen in the hippocampus (P=0.057). In conclusion, immunological factors may play a hitherto underestimated role in suicide. First, microglial activation might be interpreted as a consequence of presuicidal stress. Second, one might speculate a causal link between microglial activation and suicidal behaviour, such as neuroendocrine factors, cytokines, and nitric oxide, which are released from microglial cells and are known to modulate noradrenergic or serotonergic neurotransmission and thus may trigger suicidality.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants
                Title: Antioxidants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 September 2019
                Publication date Collection: September 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 376
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (Q.H.) (H.L.)
                [2 ]The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
                [3 ]Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
                [4 ]Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: masihui@ 123456toki.waseda.jp (S.M.); liuch@ 123456scau.edu.cn ; (C.L.); Tel.: +81-04-2947-6898 (S.M.); +86-020-8528-3448 (C.L.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6572-5809
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-5759
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-9151
                Article
                Publisher ID: antioxidants-08-00376
                DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090376
                PMC ID: 6769512
                PubMed ID: 31491962
                SO-VID: 8a6db77f-46b3-4066-8d7b-61d02dc422a8
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 July 2019
                Date accepted : 31 August 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: depression,food,dietary pattern,nutrition,oxidative stress,inflammation,cytokine
                Data availability:
                Keywords: depression, food, dietary pattern, nutrition, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytokine

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