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      Extracorporeal lung support for patients who had severe respiratory failure secondary to influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection in Canada Translated title: Assistance pulmonaire extracorporelle pour les patients ayant souffert d’insuffisance respiratoire grave par suite d’une infection à la grippe A (H1N1) 2009 au Canada

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          Abstract

          Background

          From March to July 2009, influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1-2009) virus emerged as a major cause of respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation. A small proportion of patients who had this condition developed severe respiratory failure that was unresponsive to conventional therapeutic interventions. In this report, we describe characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of critically ill patients in Canada who had H1N1-2009 infection and were treated with extracorporeal lung support (ECLS).

          Methods

          We report the findings of a case series of six patients supported with ECLS who were included in a cohort study of critically ill patients with confirmed H1N1-2009 infection. The patients were treated in Canadian adult and pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) from April 16, 2009 to August 12, 2009. We describe the nested sample treated with ECLS and compare it with the larger sample.

          Results

          During the study period, 168 patients in Canada were admitted to ICUs for severe respiratory failure due to confirmed H1N1-2009 infection. Due to profound hypoxemia unresponsive to conventional therapeutic interventions, six (3.6%) of these patients were treated with ECLS in four ICUs. Four patients were treated with veno-venous pump-driven extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO), and two patients were treated with pumpless lung assist (NovaLung iLA). The mean duration of support was 15 days. Four of the six patients survived (66.6%), one of the surviving patients was supported with iLA and the other three surviving patients were supported with ECMO. The two deaths were due to multiorgan failure, which occurred while the patients were on ECLS.

          Interpretation

          Extracorporeal lung support may be an effective treatment for patients who have H1N1-2009 infection and refractory hypoxemia. Survival of these patients treated with ECLS is similar to that reported for patients who have acute respiratory distress syndrome of other etiologies and are treated with ECMO.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Entre mars et juillet 2009, le virus de la grippe A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1-2009) est apparu comme une cause majeure d’insuffisance respiratoire nécessitant une ventilation mécanique. Une petite proportion des patients souffrant de cette grippe ont manifesté une insuffisance respiratoire grave qui n’a pu être traitée efficacement avec les interventions thérapeutiques traditionnelles. Dans ce compte-rendu, nous décrivons les caractéristiques, le traitement et les devenirs de patients gravement malades au Canada qui avaient été infectés par le virus H1N1-2009 et qui ont été traités avec une assistance pulmonaire extracorporelle (APEC).

          Méthode

          Nous rapportons les résultats d’une série de cas de six patients bénéficiant d’une APEC qui ont pris part à une étude de cohorte portant sur les patients gravement malades et chez qui l’infection au H1N1-2009 avait été confirmée. Les patients ont été traités dans des unités de soins intensifs (USI) pour patients adultes et pédiatriques entre le 16 avril 2009 et le 12 août 2009. Nous décrivons l’échantillon à plusieurs degrés traité avec une APEC et le comparons à l’échantillon plus large.

          Résultats

          Pendant la période d’étude, 168 patients ont été admis aux soins intensifs au Canada en raison d’insuffisance respiratoire grave provoquée par une infection au H1N1-2009 confirmée. En raison d’une hypoxémie profonde ne répondant pas aux interventions thérapeutiques traditionnelles, six (3,6 %) de ces patients ont été traités par APEC dans quatre USI. Quatre patients ont été traités par oxygénation extracorporelle veino-veineuse par pompe (vv-ECMO), et deux patients ont été traités par assistance pulmonaire sans pompe (NovaLung iLA). La durée moyenne d’assistance était de 15 jours. Quatre de ces six patients ont survécu (66,6 %), l’un des patients survivants a été traité par iLA et les trois autres par ECMO. Les deux décès ont été causés par une défaillance multisystémique alors que les patients étaient traités par APEC.

          Interprétation

          L’assistance pulmonaire extracorporelle pourrait constituer un traitement efficace pour les patients infectés par le virus H1N1-2009 et souffrant d’hypoxémie réfractaire. La survie des patients traités par APEC est semblable à celle rapportée dans le cas de patients souffrant de syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë provoqué par d’autres étiologies et traités par APEC.

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          Most cited references19

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          Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

          The novel influenza A(H1N1) pandemic affected Australia and New Zealand during the 2009 southern hemisphere winter. It caused an epidemic of critical illness and some patients developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). To describe the characteristics of all patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1)-associated ARDS treated with ECMO and to report incidence, resource utilization, and patient outcomes. An observational study of all patients (n = 68) with 2009 influenza A(H1N1)-associated ARDS treated with ECMO in 15 intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia and New Zealand between June 1 and August 31, 2009. Incidence, clinical features, degree of pulmonary dysfunction, technical characteristics, duration of ECMO, complications, and survival. Sixty-eight patients with severe influenza-associated ARDS were treated with ECMO, of whom 61 had either confirmed 2009 influenza A(H1N1) (n = 53) or influenza A not subtyped (n = 8), representing an incidence rate of 2.6 ECMO cases per million population. An additional 133 patients with influenza A received mechanical ventilation but no ECMO in the same ICUs. The 68 patients who received ECMO had a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 34.4 (26.6-43.1) years and 34 patients (50%) were men. Before ECMO, patients had severe respiratory failure despite advanced mechanical ventilatory support with a median (IQR) Pao(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio(2)) ratio of 56 (48-63), positive end-expiratory pressure of 18 (15-20) cm H(2)O, and an acute lung injury score of 3.8 (3.5-4.0). The median (IQR) duration of ECMO support was 10 (7-15) days. At the time of reporting, 48 of the 68 patients (71%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 60%-82%) had survived to ICU discharge, of whom 32 had survived to hospital discharge and 16 remained as hospital inpatients. Fourteen patients (21%; 95% CI, 11%-30%) had died and 6 remained in the ICU, 2 of whom were still receiving ECMO. During June to August 2009 in Australia and New Zealand, the ICUs at regional referral centers provided mechanical ventilation for many patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1)-associated respiratory failure, one-third of whom received ECMO. These ECMO-treated patients were often young adults with severe hypoxemia and had a 21% mortality rate at the end of the study period.
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            • Record: found
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            Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico.

            In late March 2009, an outbreak of a respiratory illness later proved to be caused by novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) was identified in Mexico. We describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of persons hospitalized for pneumonia at the national tertiary hospital for respiratory illnesses in Mexico City who had laboratory-confirmed S-OIV infection, also known as swine flu. We used retrospective medical chart reviews to collect data on the hospitalized patients. S-OIV infection was confirmed in specimens with the use of a real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay. From March 24 through April 24, 2009, a total of 18 cases of pneumonia and confirmed S-OIV infection were identified among 98 patients hospitalized for acute respiratory illness at the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Mexico City. More than half of the 18 case patients were between 13 and 47 years of age, and only 8 had preexisting medical conditions. For 16 of the 18 patients, this was the first hospitalization for their illness; the other 2 patients were referred from other hospitals. All patients had fever, cough, dyspnea or respiratory distress, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, and bilateral patchy pneumonia. Other common findings were an increased creatine kinase level (in 62% of patients) and lymphopenia (in 61%). Twelve patients required mechanical ventilation, and seven died. Within 7 days after contact with the initial case patients, a mild or moderate influenza-like illness developed in 22 health care workers; they were treated with oseltamivir, and none were hospitalized. S-OIV infection can cause severe illness, the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death in previously healthy persons who are young to middle-aged. None of the secondary infections among health care workers were severe. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              • Record: found
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              Viral Loads and Duration of Viral Shedding in Adult Patients Hospitalized with Influenza

              Abstract BackgroundThe goal of this study was to characterize viral loads and factors affecting viral clearance in persons with severe influenza MethodsThis was a 1-year prospective, observational study involving consecutive adults hospitalized with influenza. Nasal and throat swabs were collected at presentation, then daily until 1 week after symptom onset. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine viral RNA concentration and virus isolation were performed. Viral RNA concentration was analyzed using multiple linear or logistic regressions or mixed-effect models ResultsOne hundred forty-seven inpatients with influenza A (H3N2) infection were studied (mean age ± standard deviation, 72±16 years). Viral RNA concentration at presentation positively correlated with symptom scores and was significantly higher than that among time-matched outpatients (control subjects). Patients with major comorbidities had high viral RNA concentration even when presenting >2 days after symptom onset (mean ± standard deviation, 5.06±1.85 vs 3.62±2.13 log10 copies/mL; P=.005; β, +0.86 [95% confidence interval, +0.03 to +1.68]). Viral RNA concentration demonstrated a nonlinear decrease with time; 26% of oseltamivir-treated and 57% of untreated patients had RNA detected at 1 week after symptom onset. Oseltamivir started on or before symptom day 4 was independently associated with an accelerated decrease in viral RNA concentration (mean β [standard error], −1.19 [0.43] and −0.68 [0.33] log10 copies/mL for patients treated on day 1 and days 2–3, respectively; P<.05) and viral RNA clearance at 1 week (odds ratio, 0.10 [95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.35] and 0.30 [0.10–0.90] for patients treated on day 1–2 and day 3–4, respectively). Conversely, major comorbidities and systemic corticosteroid use for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations were associated with slower viral clearance. Viral RNA clearance was associated with a shorter hospital stay (7.0 vs 13.5 days; P=.001) ConclusionPatients hospitalized with severe influenza have more active and prolonged viral replication. Weakened host defenses slow viral clearance, whereas antivirals started within the first 4 days of illness enhance viral clearance
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +204-258-1031 , +204-231-4624 , dfreed@sbgh.mb.ca
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer-Verlag (New York )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                16 January 2010
                2010
                : 57
                : 3
                : 240-247
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.416356.3, ISNI 0000000087918068, Surgical Heart Failure Program, Cardiac Sciences Program, , St. Boniface General Hospital, ; CR3030 Asper Clinical Research Building, 369 Tache Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6 Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000000419369609, University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000000419368200, Dalhousie University, ; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
                [4 ]GRID grid.17063.33, University of Toronto, ; Toronto, Ontario Canada
                Article
                9253
                10.1007/s12630-009-9253-0
                7101672
                20082167
                8a87fe63-4488-442f-99c3-37c30ddeaf46
                © Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society 2010

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 22 October 2009
                : 10 December 2009
                Categories
                Case Reports/Case Series
                Custom metadata
                © Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society 2010

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                acute respiratory distress syndrome,conventional mechanical ventilation,high frequency oscillation ventilation,severe respiratory failure,canadian critical care trial group

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