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      Acute kidney injury among paediatric emergency room admissions in a tertiary hospital in South West Nigeria: a cohort study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Epidemiological data on paediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited and largely retrospective. We performed a prospective study of AKI among patients admitted through the emergency room.

          Methods

          Children admitted to the post-neonatal emergency room of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria between February 2016 and January 2017 were studied. AKI was defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine criteria. AKI ascertainment relied on serum creatinine measurements carried out in routine care by post-admission Day 1. We compared in-hospital mortality by post-admission Day 7 for patients with and without AKI (no-AKI).

          Results

          Of the 1344 children admitted to the emergency room, 331 were included in the study. AKI occurred in 112 patients (33.8%) with a median age of 3.1 years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.9–9.4] and was Stage 3 in 50.5% of the cases. The no-AKI group had a median age of 1.8 (IQR 0.7–5.8) years. The underlying diagnoses in patients with AKI were sepsis (33.0%), malaria (12.5%) and primary renal disorders (13.4%). Twenty-four of the patients with AKI underwent dialysis: haemodialysis in 20 and peritoneal dialysis in 4. By Day 7 of admission, 7 of 98 (7.1%) patients in the AKI group had died compared with 5 of 175 (2.9%) patients in the no-AKI group [odds ratio 2.6 (95% confidence interval 0.8–8.5)]. Outcome data were not available for 58 (17.5%) patients.

          Conclusions

          AKI is common among paediatric emergency room admissions in a tertiary care hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. It is associated with high mortality risk that may be worse in settings without dialysis.

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          Most cited references25

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          Ascertainment and epidemiology of acute kidney injury varies with definition interpretation.

          Differences in defining acute kidney injury (AKI) may impact incidence ascertainment. We assessed the effects of different AKI definition interpretation methods on epidemiology ascertainment. Two groups were studied at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas: 150 critically ill children (prospective) and 254 noncritically ill, hospitalized children receiving aminoglycosides (retrospective). SCr was collected for 14 d in the prospective study and 21 d in the retrospective study. Children with known baseline serum creatinine (bSCr) were classified by the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease (pRIFLE) AKI definition using SCr change (pRIFLE(DeltaSCr)), estimated creatinine clearance (eCCl) change (pRIFLE(DeltaCCl)), and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) definition. In subjects without known bSCr, bSCR was estimated as eCCl = 100 (eCCl(100)) and 120 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (eCCl(120)), admission SCr (AdmSCr) and lower/upper normative values (NormsMin, NormsMax). The differential impact of each AKI definition interpretation on incidence estimation and severity distribution was evaluated. pRIFLE(DeltaSCr) and AKIN led to identical AKI distributions. pRIFLE(DeltaCCl) resulted in 14.5% (critically ill) and 11% (noncritical) more patients diagnosed with AKI compared to other methods (P 0.05). Different bSCr estimates led to differences in AKI incidence, from 12% (AdmSCr) to 87.8% (NormsMin) (P 0.05) in the critically ill group and from 4.6% (eCCl(100)) to 43.1% (NormsMin) (P 0.05) in the noncritical group. AKI definition variation causes interstudy heterogeneity. AKI definition should be standardized so that results can be compared across studies.
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            Plasma creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffe reaction method.

            Jason Slot (1964)
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              Acute Kidney Injury Incidence in Noncritically Ill Hospitalized Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Retrospective Observational Study

              Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been characterized in high-risk pediatric hospital inpatients, in whom AKI is frequent and associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and length of stay. The incidence of AKI among patients not requiring intensive care is unknown.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Kidney J
                Clin Kidney J
                ckj
                Clinical Kidney Journal
                Oxford University Press
                2048-8505
                2048-8513
                August 2019
                15 December 2018
                15 December 2018
                : 12
                : 4
                : 521-526
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
                [2 ]Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
                [4 ]Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [5 ]Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [6 ]Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                Correspondence and offprint requests to: Adebowale D. Ademola; E-mail: dr_deboademola@ 123456yahoo.co.uk ; Twitter handle: @deboademoladr
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9465-2744
                Article
                sfy120
                10.1093/ckj/sfy120
                6671520
                31384443
                8a9b58aa-5f3a-4e39-9f8e-e16500eeb1cc
                © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 29 July 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 6
                Funding
                Funded by: International Society of Nephrology (ISN)
                Award ID: 04-047
                Funded by: University of Calgary Section of Pediatric Nephrology and University College Hospital
                Funded by: International Society of Nephrology (ISN) Sister Renal Centre partnership
                Categories
                AKI

                Nephrology
                acute kidney injury,children,dialysis,mortality,sub-saharan africa
                Nephrology
                acute kidney injury, children, dialysis, mortality, sub-saharan africa

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