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      Environmental noise and sleep disturbances: A threat to health?

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      *
      Sleep Science
      Elsevier
      Environmental noise, Sleep disturbances, Health outcomes

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          Abstract

          Environmental noise, especially that caused by transportation means, is viewed as a significant cause of sleep disturbances. Poor sleep causes endocrine and metabolic measurable perturbations and is associated with a number of cardiometabolic, psychiatric and social negative outcomes both in adults and children. Nocturnal environmental noise also provokes measurable biological changes in the form of a stress response, and clearly affects sleep architecture, as well as subjective sleep quality. These sleep perturbations are similar in their nature to those observed in endogenous sleep disorders. Apart from these measurable effects and the subjective feeling of disturbed sleep, people who struggle with nocturnal environmental noise often also suffer the next day from daytime sleepiness and tiredness, annoyance, mood changes as well as decreased well-being and cognitive performance. But there is also emerging evidence that these short-term effects of environmental noise, particularly when the exposure is nocturnal, may be followed by long-term adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. Nocturnal environmental noise may be the most worrying form of noise pollution in terms of its health consequences because of its synergistic direct and indirect (through sleep disturbances acting as a mediator) influence on biological systems. Duration and quality of sleep should thus be regarded as risk factors or markers significantly influenced by the environment and possibly amenable to modification through both education and counseling as well as through measures of public health. One of the means that should be proposed is avoidance at all costs of sleep disruptions caused by environmental noise.

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          Most cited references60

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          Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

          Increasing evidence suggests an association between both short and long duration of habitual sleep with adverse health outcomes. To assess whether the population longitudinal evidence supports the presence of a relationship between duration of sleep and all-cause mortality, to investigate both short and long sleep duration and to obtain an estimate of the risk. We performed a systematic search of publications using MEDLINE (1966-2009), EMBASE (from 1980), the Cochrane Library, and manual searches without language restrictions. We included studies if they were prospective, had follow-up >3 years, had duration of sleep at baseline, and all-cause mortality prospectively. We extracted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled them using a random effect model. We carried out sensitivity analyses and assessed heterogeneity and publication bias. Overall, the 16 studies analyzed provided 27 independent cohort samples. They included 1,382,999 male and female participants (followup range 4 to 25 years), and 112,566 deaths. Sleep duration was assessed by questionnaire and outcome through death certification. In the pooled analysis, short duration of sleep was associated with a greater risk of death (RR: 1.12; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18; P < 0.01) with no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.74) but heterogeneity between studies (P = 0.02). Long duration of sleep was also associated with a greater risk of death (1.30; [1.22 to 1.38]; P < 0.0001) with no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.18) but significant heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.0001). Both short and long duration of sleep are significant predictors of death in prospective population studies.
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            Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function

            The Lancet, 354(9188), 1435-1439
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              Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health

              Noise is pervasive in everyday life and can cause both auditory and non-auditory health effects. Noise-induced hearing loss remains highly prevalent in occupational settings, and is increasingly caused by social noise exposure (eg, through personal music players). Our understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in noise-induced hair-cell and nerve damage has substantially increased, and preventive and therapeutic drugs will probably become available within 10 years. Evidence of the non-auditory effects of environmental noise exposure on public health is growing. Observational and experimental studies have shown that noise exposure leads to annoyance, disturbs sleep and causes daytime sleepiness, affects patient outcomes and staff performance in hospitals, increases the occurrence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and impairs cognitive performance in schoolchildren. In this Review, we stress the importance of adequate noise prevention and mitigation strategies for public health. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Sleep Sci
                Sleep Sci
                Sleep Science
                Elsevier
                1984-0659
                1984-0063
                15 November 2014
                December 2014
                15 November 2014
                : 7
                : 4
                : 209-212
                Affiliations
                [0005]Department of Psychiatry, Barzilai Medical Center, Haistadrut Street 2, Ashkelon 78278, Israel
                Author notes
                [* ]Tel.: +972 50 327 84 24. demianhalperin@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1984-0063(14)00060-1
                10.1016/j.slsci.2014.11.003
                4608916
                26483931
                8ad2edb9-fb06-4ab4-8376-82620e8b0492
                © 2014 Brazilian Association of Sleep. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

                History
                : 2 July 2014
                : 29 August 2014
                : 1 September 2014
                Categories
                Theoretical Essay

                environmental noise,sleep disturbances,health outcomes

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