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      Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus isolated from goats in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize orf virus isolated from clinical infections in goats in Sokoto metropolis.

          Materials & methods:

          Embryonated chicken eggs were used to isolate orf virus according to the established protocol. Viral DNA was extracted and full coding region of B2L gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, sequenced and blasted for identification and phylogenetically analyzed.

          Results and discussion:

          The B2L gene sequences of the isolate showed slight variability (96–98.7%) with the reference sequences as it clustered within the same clade with Korean, Zambian and Ethiopian strains, signifying a close genetic relationship. Unique amino acid substitutions were noted. This is the first genetic characterization of B2L gene of orf virus circulating in Nigeria.

          Conclusion:

          This study has provided in sight into the genetic diversity of orf virus in the study area.

          Lay abstract

          Contagious ecthyma has for long been affecting the goat and sheep population in Nigeria leading to huge economic losses to livestock farmers through death and poor market value of the affected animals. Recently, increased death due to this disease has been reported in north-central Nigeria, but the nature of the disease-causing agent has not been reported yet. It is the aim of this study to understand the nature of the virus causing the disease in goats in Sokoto using molecular biology techniques so as to facilitate better vaccine design for the effective control of the disease in Nigeria.

          Most cited references47

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          MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.

          We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            Influence of silver nanoparticles on growth and health of broiler chickens after infection with Campylobacter jejuni

            Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have gained much attention in recent years due to their biomedical applications, especially as antimicrobial agents. AgNP may be used in poultry production as an alternative to the use of antibiotic growth promoter. However, little is known about the impact of oral administration of AgNP on the gut microbiota and the immune system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of AgNP on growth, hematological and immunological profile as well as intestinal microbial composition in broilers challenged with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Results AgNP did not affect the intestinal microbial profile of birds. The body weight gain and the relative weights of bursa and spleen were reduced when supplemented with AgNP. There was no difference with respect to packed cell volume. However, the plasma concentrations of IgG and IgM were lower in birds receiving AgNP compared to the non-supplemented control group. The expression of TNF-α and NF-kB at mRNA level was significantly higher in birds receiving AgNP. Conclusions The application of AgNP via the drinking water in the concentration of 50 ppm reduced broiler growth, impaired immune functions and had no antibacterial effect on different intestinal bacterial groups, which may limit the applicability of AgNP against C. jejuni in broiler chickens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1323-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of dengue type 1 virus isolated from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

              Background Dengue viruses (DENVs) are mosquito-borne viruses which can cause disease ranging from mild fever to severe dengue infection. These viruses are endemic in several tropical and subtropical regions. Multiple outbreaks of DENV serotypes 1, 2 and 3 (DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3) have been reported from the western region in Saudi Arabia since 1994. Strains from at least two genotypes of DENV-1 (Asia and America/Africa genotypes) have been circulating in western Saudi Arabia until 2006. However, all previous studies reported from Saudi Arabia were based on partial sequencing data of the envelope (E) gene without any reports of full genome sequences for any DENV serotypes circulating in Saudi Arabia. Findings Here, we report the isolation and the first complete genome sequence of a DENV-1 strain (DENV-1-Jeddah-1-2011) isolated from a patient from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2011. Whole genome sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed high similarity between DENV-1-Jeddah-1-2011 strain and D1/H/IMTSSA/98/606 isolate (Asian genotype) reported from Djibouti in 1998. Further analysis of the full envelope gene revealed a close relationship between DENV-1-Jeddah-1-2011 strain and isolates reported between 2004–2006 from Jeddah as well as recent isolates from Somalia, suggesting the widespread of the Asian genotype in this region. Conclusions These data suggest that strains belonging to the Asian genotype might have been introduced into Saudi Arabia long before 2004 most probably by African pilgrims and continued to circulate in western Saudi Arabia at least until 2011. Most importantly, these results indicate that pilgrims from dengue endemic regions can play an important role in the spread of new DENVs in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world. Therefore, availability of complete genome sequences would serve as a reference for future epidemiological studies of DENV-1 viruses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Future Sci OA
                Future Sci OA
                FSOA
                Future Science OA
                Future Science Ltd (London, UK )
                2056-5623
                20 April 2021
                July 2021
                20 April 2021
                : 7
                : 6
                : FSO700
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
                [2 ]Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
                [3 ]Center for Advance Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
                [4 ]Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
                [5 ]Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
                [6 ]Department of Animal Health & Production Technology, College of Agriculture & Animal Science, Wurno, Sokoto, Nigeria
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence: Tel: +234 803 059 3816; nafiu.lawal@ 123456udusok.edu.ng
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-0565
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-2086
                Article
                10.2144/fsoa-2020-0162
                8147748
                8adf4d3f-ec32-408d-b517-d04a5d8e17cf
                © 2021 Nafi'u Lawal

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

                History
                : 18 September 2020
                : 04 March 2021
                : 20 April 2021
                Page count
                Pages: 15
                Categories
                Research Article

                b2l gene,contagious ecthyma,goat,orf virus,phylogenetic analysis

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