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      Escherichia coli verocitotoxigénico: varias cuestiones... y los tambos también Translated title: Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli: several aspects... and also the dairy farms

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          Abstract

          Escherichia coli verocitotoxigénico (VTEC) es causante de brotes y casos esporádicos de colitis hemorrágica (CH) y síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH). En Argentina el SUH es endémico, con 500 nuevos casos por ano y una incidencia de 17/100 000 ninos menores de 5 anos. El serotipo aislado con mayor frecuencia es el O157:H7, aunque hay serotipos no-O157 que están asociados con la enfermedad en el hombre. VTEC produce verocitotoxinas y factores de virulencia accesorios como intimina, enterohemolisina y una proteína autoaglutinante llamada Saa. Diversos estudios realizados en varios países han confirmado que los bovinos de diferente edad son los principales reservorios de VTEC, y han demostrado altas prevalencias tanto de serotipos O157:H7 como no-O157, muchos de ellos involucrados en brotes de SUH y CH a nivel mundial. La transmisión de VTEC al hombre se produce por el consumo de carne mal cocida, de verduras y agua contaminadas por heces de portadores, así como por el contacto persona-persona y con el medio ambiente contaminado. Los tambos pueden contribuir al riesgo de infección por VTEC en humanos mediante el consumo de leche cruda, de productos lácteos o carne contaminada proveniente de bovinos lecheros, y también a través del propio medio ambiente del tambo. Existe una amplia distribución y una alta prevalencia de serotipos VTEC en bovinos lecheros de Argentina, por lo cual es importante aplicar medidas de control y manejo que eviten la transmisión de cepas entre animales, ambiente y humanos.

          Translated abstract

          Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) is associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), the most severe form of these human diseases. In Argentina HUS is endemic, with 500 new cases per year and an incidence of 17/100,000 in children under 5 years of age. VTEC O157:H7 is the most frequently isolated serotype, although there are non-O157 serotypes that have been associated with human disease. VTEC produces verocytotoxins and accessory virulence factors such as intimin, an enterohemolysin and an autoagglutinating protein called Saa. Cattle are VTEC carriers and several studies in Argentina have confirmed that bovines are the main reservoir of serotypes O157:H7 and non-O157, many of them involved in HUS and HC worldwide. Transmission of VTEC to humans occurs through consumption of undercooked meat, vegetables and water contaminated by feces of carriers, person-to-person and contaminated environment contact. Dairy farms can contribute to the risk of VTEC infection in humans through the consumption of raw milk, dairy products, and contaminated meat from dairy cattle and through contamination of the dairy environment. There is wide distribution and high prevalence of VTEC serotypes in dairy cattle in Argentina; therefore, it is important to improve the measures of control and management and to prevent the transmission of VTEC strains among animals, environment and humans.

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          Most cited references107

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          Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections.

          Since their initial recognition 20 years ago, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have emerged as an important cause of serious human gastrointestinal disease, which may result in life-threatening complications such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Food-borne outbreaks of STEC disease appear to be increasing and, when mass-produced and mass-distributed foods are concerned, can involve large numbers of people. Development of therapeutic and preventative strategies to combat STEC disease requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which STEC organisms colonize the human intestinal tract and cause local and systemic pathological changes. While our knowledge remains incomplete, recent studies have improved our understanding of these processes, particularly the complex interaction between Shiga toxins and host cells, which is central to the pathogenesis of STEC disease. In addition, several putative accessory virulence factors have been identified and partly characterized. The capacity to limit the scale and severity of STEC disease is also dependent upon rapid and sensitive diagnostic procedures for analysis of human samples and suspect vehicles. The increased application of advanced molecular technologies in clinical laboratories has significantly improved our capacity to diagnose STEC infection early in the course of disease and to detect low levels of environmental contamination. This, in turn, has created a potential window of opportunity for future therapeutic intervention.
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            RHIZOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AND THE EXPLOITATION OF MICROBIAL AGENTS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES.

            B. Kerry (2000)
            A range of specialist and generalist microorganisms in the rhizosphere attacks plant-parasitic nematodes. Plants have a profound effect on the impact of this microflora on the regulation of nematode populations by influencing both the dynamics of the nematode host and the structure and dynamics of the community of antagonists and parasites in the rhizosphere. In general, those organisms that have a saprophytic phase in their life cycle are most affected by environmental conditions in the rhizosphere, but effects on obligate parasites have also been recorded. Although nematodes influence the colonization of roots by pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms, little is known of such interactions with the natural enemies of nematodes in the rhizosphere. As nematodes influence the quantity and quality of root exudates, they are likely to affect the physiology of those microorganisms in the rhizosphere; such changes may be used as signals for nematode antagonists and parasites. Successful biological control strategies will depend on a thorough understanding of these interactions at the population, organismal, and molecular scale.
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              Iha: a novel Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence-conferring molecule encoded on a recently acquired chromosomal island of conserved structure.

              The mechanisms used by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli to adhere to epithelial cells are incompletely understood. Two cosmids from an E. coli O157:H7 DNA library contain an adherence-conferring chromosomal gene encoding a protein similar to iron-regulated gene A (IrgA) of Vibrio cholerae (M. B. Goldberg, S. A. Boyko, J. R. Butterton, J. A. Stoebner, S. M. Payne, and S. B. Calderwood, Mol. Microbiol. 6:2407-2418, 1992). We have termed the product of this gene the IrgA homologue adhesin (Iha), which is encoded by iha. Iha is 67 kDa in E. coli O157:H7 and 78 kDa in laboratory E. coli and is structurally unlike other known adhesins. DNA adjacent to iha contains tellurite resistance loci and is conserved in structure in distantly related pathogenic E. coli, but it is absent from nontoxigenic E. coli O55:H7, sorbitol-fermenting Stx-producing E. coli O157:H-, and laboratory E. coli. We have termed this region the tellurite resistance- and adherence-conferring island. We conclude that Iha is a novel bacterial adherence-conferring protein and is contained within an E. coli chromosomal island of conserved structure. Pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 has only recently acquired this island.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ram
                Revista argentina de microbiología
                Rev. argent. microbiol.
                Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires )
                1851-7617
                December 2012
                : 44
                : 4
                : 312-323
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Argentina
                Article
                S0325-75412012000400013
                8ae2075f-06ad-45ab-8dfe-5265d5d2c83f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0325-7541&lng=en
                Categories
                MICROBIOLOGY

                Microbiology & Virology
                Cattle,Dairy farms,Shiga toxin,Bovino,Escherichia coli,Tambo,Toxina Shiga
                Microbiology & Virology
                Cattle, Dairy farms, Shiga toxin, Bovino, Escherichia coli, Tambo, Toxina Shiga

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