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      Functional metal–organic frameworks derived electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage: a review

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          Abstract

          Pristine MOFs and their derivatives have been proven for supercapacitor as well as energy storage due to their versatile features like huge specific surface area, high porosity, redox active metal centre, high thermal stability, and so on.

          Abstract

          Pristine metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are built through self-assembly of electron rich organic linkers and electron deficient metal nodes via coordinate bond. Due to the unique properties of MOFs like highly tunable frameworks, huge specific surface areas, flexible chemical composition, flexible structures and a large volume of pores, they are being used to design the electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. As per the literature, MOFs (including manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), University of Oslo (UiO) MOFs, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) MOFs and isoreticular MOFs (IRMOFs)) have attracted much attention in the field of supercapacitors (SCs)/batteries. According to their dimensionality such as 1D, 2D and 3D, pristine MOFs are mainly used as SC materials. Highly porous materials and their composites are capable for intercalation of metal ions (Na +/Li +). Moreover, the supramolecular features (π⋯π, C–H⋯π, hydrogen bond interactions) of redox stable MOFs provide better insight for electrochemical stability. So, this review provides an in-depth analysis of pure MOFs and MOF derived composites (MOF composites and MOF derived porous carbon) as electrode materials and also discusses their metal ion charge storage mechanism. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the current issues and future opportunities for supercapacitor materials.

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          Most cited references153

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          Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices.

          The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
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            Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries.

            Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are being driven by an ever-increasing demand for portable electronic devices. Lithium-ion batteries are the systems of choice, offering high energy density, flexible and lightweight design, and longer lifespan than comparable battery technologies. We present a brief historical review of the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries, highlight ongoing research strategies, and discuss the challenges that remain regarding the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical performance and safety of these systems.
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              Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

              Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                CHCOFS
                Chemical Communications
                Chem. Commun.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                1359-7345
                1364-548X
                November 12 2024
                2024
                : 60
                : 91
                : 13292-13313
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCET, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
                Article
                10.1039/D4CC04086D
                8ae4a4ad-280f-4d19-b4f5-56cf9315723a
                © 2024

                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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