96
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Graphene hybrids: synthesis strategies and applications in sensors and sensitized solar cells

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Graphene exhibits unique 2-D structural, chemical, and electronic properties that lead to its many potential applications. In order to expand the scope of its usage, graphene hybrids which combine the synergetic properties of graphene along with metals/metal oxides and other nanostructured materials have been synthesized and are a widely emerging field of research. This review presents an overview of the recent progress made in the field of graphene hybrid architectures with a focus on the synthesis of graphene-carbon nanotube (G-CNT), graphene-semiconductor nanomaterial (G-SNM), and graphene-metal nanomaterial (G-MNM) hybrids. It attempts to identify the bottlenecks involved and outlines future directions for development and comprehensively summarizes their applications in the field of sensing and sensitized solar cells.

          Related collections

          Most cited references148

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          We report a naturally-occurring two-dimensional material (graphene that can be viewed as a gigantic flat fullerene molecule, describe its electronic properties and demonstrate all-metallic field-effect transistor, which uniquely exhibits ballistic transport at submicron distances even at room temperature.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene

            Electronic properties of materials are commonly described by quasiparticles that behave as non-relativistic electrons with a finite mass and obey the Schroedinger equation. Here we report a condensed matter system where electron transport is essentially governed by the Dirac equation and charge carriers mimic relativistic particles with zero mass and an effective "speed of light" c* ~10^6m/s. Our studies of graphene - a single atomic layer of carbon - have revealed a variety of unusual phenomena characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) Dirac fermions. In particular, we have observed that a) the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; b) graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the conductance quantum e^2/h, even when carrier concentrations tend to zero; c) the cyclotron mass m of massless carriers with energy E in graphene is described by equation E =mc*^2; and d) Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in graphene exhibit a phase shift of pi due to Berry's phase.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs

              The initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas discs proceed via dust grains that collide and build up larger and larger bodies (Safronov 1969). How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem (Dominik et al. 2007): boulders stick together poorly (Benz 2000), and spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits due to a head wind from the slower rotating gas (Weidenschilling 1977). Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier (Safronov 1969, Goldreich & Ward 1973, Youdin & Shu 2002). Even low levels of turbulence, however, inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer (Weidenschilling & Cuzzi 1993, Dominik et al. 2007), but turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar discs (Hartmann 1998). Here we report the discovery of efficient gravitational collapse of boulders in locally overdense regions in the midplane. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressures in the turbulent gas (Johansen, Klahr, & Henning 2006), and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability (Youdin & Goodman 2005, Johansen, Henning, & Klahr 2006, Johansen & Youdin 2007) driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar discs.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Chem
                Front Chem
                Front. Chem.
                Frontiers in Chemistry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-2646
                30 June 2015
                2015
                : 3
                : 38
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India
                [2] 2Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
                [3] 3Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
                [4] 4Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Shusheng Zhang, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China

                Reviewed by: Xue-Mei Li, Linyi University, China; Hua Wang, Qufu Normal University, China; Thiagarajan Soundappan, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Shusheng Zhang, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China

                *Correspondence: Ashok Mulchandani, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, 900 University Ave., Riverside, 92521 CA, USA adani@ 123456engr.ucr.edu

                This article was submitted to Analytical Chemistry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                10.3389/fchem.2015.00038
                4485227
                8b0eda41-d54b-429b-8860-21be933d73c7
                Copyright © 2015 Badhulika, Terse-Thakoor, Villarreal and Mulchandani.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 March 2015
                : 04 June 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 162, Pages: 19, Words: 14390
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Agriculture
                Funded by: W. Ruel Johnson Chair in Environmental Engineering
                Categories
                Chemistry
                Review

                graphene hybrids,graphene-cnts,graphene-qds,sensors,energy conversion

                Comments

                Comment on this article