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      2019 World Kidney Day Editorial - burden, access, and disparities in kidney disease Translated title: Editorial do Dia Mundial do Rim 2019 - impacto, acesso e disparidades na doença renal

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          Abstract

          Kidney disease is a global public health problem, affecting over 750 million persons worldwide. The burden of kidney disease varies substantially across the world, as does its detection and treatment. In many settings, rates of kidney disease and the provision of its care are defined by socio-economic, cultural, and political factors leading to significant disparities. World Kidney Day 2019 offers an opportunity to raise awareness of kidney disease and highlight disparities in its burden and current state of global capacity for prevention and management. Here, we highlight that many countries still lack access to basic diagnostics, a trained nephrology workforce, universal access to primary health care, and renal replacement therapies. We point to the need for strengthening basic infrastructure for kidney care services for early detection and management of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease across all countries and advocate for more pragmatic approaches to providing renal replacement therapies. Achieving universal health coverage worldwide by 2030 is one of the World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals. While universal health coverage may not include all elements of kidney care in all countries, understanding what is feasible and important for a country or region with a focus on reducing the burden and consequences of kidney disease would be an important step towards achieving kidney health equity.

          Resumo

          A doença renal é um problema de saúde pública global, afetando mais de 750 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. O ônus da doença renal varia substancialmente em todo o mundo, assim como sua detecção e tratamento. Em muitos contextos, as taxas de doença renal e a provisão de seus cuidados são definidas por fatores socioeconômicos, culturais e políticos que levam a disparidades significativas. O Dia Mundial do Rim 2019 oferece uma oportunidade para aumentar a conscientização sobre doenças renais e destacar as disparidades em seu impacto e estado atual da capacidade global de prevenção e tratamento. Aqui, destacamos que muitos países ainda carecem de acesso a diagnósticos básicos, uma força de trabalho treinada em nefrologia, acesso universal à atenção primária à saúde e terapias de substituição renal. Apontamos para a necessidade de fortalecer a infra-estrutura básica para serviços de cuidados renais para detecção e tratamento precoce de lesão renal aguda e doença renal crônica em todos os países e defender abordagens mais pragmáticas para o fornecimento de terapias de substituição renal. Alcançar a cobertura universal de saúde em todo o mundo até 2030 é um dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Embora a cobertura universal de saúde não inclua todos os elementos do tratamento renal em todos os países, entender o que é viável e importante para um país ou região com foco na redução do impacto e das consequências da doença renal seria um passo importante para alcançar a equidade na saúde renal.

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          Most cited references50

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          APOL1 risk variants, race, and progression of chronic kidney disease.

          Among patients in the United States with chronic kidney disease, black patients are at increased risk for end-stage renal disease, as compared with white patients. In two studies, we examined the effects of variants in the gene encoding apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) on the progression of chronic kidney disease. In the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK), we evaluated 693 black patients with chronic kidney disease attributed to hypertension. In the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, we evaluated 2955 white patients and black patients with chronic kidney disease (46% of whom had diabetes) according to whether they had 2 copies of high-risk APOL1 variants (APOL1 high-risk group) or 0 or 1 copy (APOL1 low-risk group). In the AASK study, the primary outcome was a composite of end-stage renal disease or a doubling of the serum creatinine level. In the CRIC study, the primary outcomes were the slope in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the composite of end-stage renal disease or a reduction of 50% in the eGFR from baseline. In the AASK study, the primary outcome occurred in 58.1% of the patients in the APOL1 high-risk group and in 36.6% of those in the APOL1 low-risk group (hazard ratio in the high-risk group, 1.88; P<0.001). There was no interaction between APOL1 status and trial interventions or the presence of baseline proteinuria. In the CRIC study, black patients in the APOL1 high-risk group had a more rapid decline in the eGFR and a higher risk of the composite renal outcome than did white patients, among those with diabetes and those without diabetes (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Renal risk variants in APOL1 were associated with the higher rates of end-stage renal disease and progression of chronic kidney disease that were observed in black patients as compared with white patients, regardless of diabetes status. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others.).
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            Acute Kidney Injury Recovery Pattern and Subsequent Risk of CKD: An Analysis of Veterans Health Administration Data.

            Studies suggest an association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and long-term risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), even following apparent renal recovery. Whether the pattern of renal recovery predicts kidney risk following AKI is unknown.
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              Assessment of Global Kidney Health Care Status.

              Kidney disease is a substantial worldwide clinical and public health problem, but information about available care is limited.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                28 February 2019
                Jan-Mar 2019
                : 41
                : 1
                : 1-09
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
                [2 ]Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
                [3 ]Johns Hopkins Center for Health Equity, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
                [4 ]University of Alberta, Department of Medicine, Edmonton, Canada.
                [5 ]Cairo University, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Deidra C. Crews. E-mail: dcrews1@ 123456jhmi.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-5776
                Article
                10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2018-0224
                6534018
                31063178
                8b254b80-523a-4d52-8c8c-49d6bb8aee69

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 November 2018
                : 20 January 2019
                Categories
                Editorials

                acute kidney injury,end stage renal disease,global health,health equity,social determinants of health,lesão renal aguda,doença renal em estágio final,saúde global,equidade em saúde,determinantes sociais da saúde

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