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      The Role of Complement Inhibition in Thrombotic Angiopathies and Antiphospholipid Syndrome Translated title: Trombotik Anjiyopati ve Antifosfolipid Sendromunda Kompleman İnhibisyonunun Rolü

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          Abstract

          Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis (arterial, venous, small vessel) and/or pregnancy morbidity occurring in patients with persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Catastrophic APS is the most severe form of the disease, characterized by multiple organ thromboses occurring in a short period and commonly associated with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Similar to patients with complement regulatory gene mutations developing TMA, increased complement activation on endothelial cells plays a role in hypercoagulability in aPL-positive patients. In mouse models of APS, activation of the complement is required and interaction of complement (C) 5a with its receptor C5aR leads to aPL-induced inflammation, placental insufficiency, and thrombosis. Anti-C5 antibody and C5aR antagonist peptides prevent aPL-mediated pregnancy loss and thrombosis in these experimental models. Clinical studies of anti-C5 monoclonal antibody in aPL-positive patients are limited to a small number of case reports. Ongoing and future clinical studies of complement inhibitors will help determine the role of complement inhibition in the management of aPL-positive patients.

          Translated abstract

          Antifosfolipid sendromu (APS), ısrarcı antifosfolipid antikor (aPL) pozitifliği olan hastalarda görülen tromboz (arteriyel, venöz, küçük damar) ve/veya gebelik ile ilişkili morbidite ile karakterizedir. Hastalığın en şiddetli formu olan katastrofik APS, kısa süre içerisinde gelişen çoklu organ trombozları ile karakterizedir ve sıklıkla trombotik mikroanjiyopati (TMA) ile ilişkilidir. TMA geliştiren kompleman düzenleyici gen mutasyonları bulunan hastalarla benzer olarak, aPL-pozitif hastalardaki hiperkoagülopatide, endotel hücrelerinde artmış kompleman aktivasyonunun rolü vardır. APS’nin fare modellerinde, kompleman aktivasyonunun olması zorunludur ve kompleman (C) 5a ile reseptörü C5aR’nin etkileşmesi aPL-ile uyarılmış yangı, plasenta yetmezliği ve tromboza neden olur. Anti-C5 antikoru ve C5aR antagonisti olan peptidler bu deneysel modellerde, aPL-aracılı gebelik kaybı ve trombozu önler. aPL-pozitif hastalarda anti-C5 monoklonal antikorun klinik kullanımı az sayıdaki olgu sunumları ile sınırlıdır. Halen devam etmekte olan ve gelecekte yapılacak klinik çalışmalar, aPL-pozitif hastaların yönetiminde kompleman inhibitörlerinin rolünü belirlemede yardımcı olacaktır.

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          Most cited references41

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          The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome.

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            Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction

            Immune mechanisms have been implicated in placental dysfunction in patients with recurrent miscarriages and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), but the mediators are undefined. Here we show that complement activation, particularly C5a, is a required intermediary event in the pathogenesis of placental and fetal injury in an antibody-independent mouse model of spontaneous miscarriage and IUGR, and that complement activation causes dysregulation of the angiogenic factors required for normal placental development. Pregnancies complicated by miscarriage or growth restriction were characterized by inflammatory infiltrates in placentas, functional deficiency of free vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), elevated levels of soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1, also known as sFlt-1; a potent anti-angiogenic molecule), and defective placental development. Inhibition of complement activation in vivo blocked the increase in sVEGFR-1 and rescued pregnancies. In vitro stimulation of monocytes with products of the complement cascade directly triggered release of sVEGFR-1, which sequesters VEGF. These studies provide the first evidence linking the complement system to angiogenic factor imbalance associated with placental dysfunction, and identify a new effector of immune-triggered pregnancy complications.
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              Inhibition of the mTORC pathway in the antiphospholipid syndrome.

              Although thrombosis is considered the cardinal feature of the antiphospholipid syndrome, chronic vascular lesions are common, particularly in patients with life-threatening complications. In patients who require transplantation, vascular lesions often recur. The molecular pathways involved in the vasculopathy of the antiphospholipid syndrome are unknown, and adequate therapies are lacking.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Turk J Haematol
                Turk J Haematol
                TJH
                Turkish Journal of Hematology
                Galenos Publishing
                1300-7777
                1308-5263
                March 2016
                17 February 2016
                : 33
                : 1
                : 1-7
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
                Author notes
                * Address for Correspondence: Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States Phone: +90 212 774 22 91 E-mail: erkand@ 123456hss.edu
                Article
                1588
                10.4274/tjh.2015.0197
                4805354
                27020721
                8b274c27-2c25-4130-b792-609b5925dec9
                © Turkish Journal of Hematology, Published by Galenos Publishing.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 May 2015
                : 28 September 2015
                Categories
                Review

                antiphospholipid syndrome,complement inhibition,eculizumab,thrombotic angiopathy

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