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      Did social isolation affect anxiety and sleep quality of elite soccer players during the COVID-19 lockdown? Comparisons to training before distancing in the pandemic and outlook for mental health

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To analyze the anxiety levels and sleep quality of elite soccer athletes in training pre-pandemic and during the lockdown caused by COVID-19.

          Method

          This is an exploratory study with a longitudinal design carried out with elite soccer athletes from two Brazilian soccer clubs. Data collection took place in person pre-pandemic (training) and online (during lockdown) between February and May 2020. The instruments used to assess sleep, daytime sleepiness, and anxiety were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Daytime Sleepiness Scale-(ESS-BR), and Competitive Anxiety Scale (SCAT). For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, maximum and minimum) and non-parametric inferential statistics were used, establishing a significance of p < 0.05.

          Results

          In total, 76 male soccer athletes participated in the study. A significant increase was observed in anxiety levels in confinement compared to pre-pandemic training ( p = 0.017; g = 0.83), and sleepiness significantly reduced in training compared to baseline levels ( p = 0.007; g = 0.48). The athletes demonstrated good sleep quality and the pandemic did not significantly alter daytime sleepiness compared to training and baseline.

          Conclusion

          From the results it can be concluded that elite soccer athletes presented alterations in anxiety levels compared to training during confinement, however, no effects of confinement were observed on sleep quality and sleepiness. New studies are needed to analyze the long-term consequences of the pandemic and the relationships between anxiety and sleep in training and competition in athletes.

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          Most cited references110

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          COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence

          Highlights • COVID-19 patients displayed high levels of PTSS and increased levels of depression. • Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. • Higher levels of psychiatric symptoms were found among health care workers. • A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public. • However, well conducted large-scale studies are highly needed.
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            The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League.

            This study examined the evolution of physical and technical soccer performance across a 7-season period in the English Premier League. Match performance observations (n=14 700) were analysed for emergent trends. Total distance covered during a match was ~2% lower in 2006-07 compared to 2012-13. Across 7 seasons, high-intensity running distance and actions increased by ~30% (890±299 vs. 1 151±337 m, p 0.6), the number of long passes varied little (p<0.001; ES: 0.11). This data demonstrates evolution of physical and technical parameters in the English Premier League, and could be used to aid talent identification, training and conditioning preparation.
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              • Article: not found

              Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth.

              The objective of this systematic review was to examine the relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sleep duration and various health indicators in children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases were searched in January 2015 with no date or study design limits. Included studies were peer-reviewed and met the a priori-determined population (apparently healthy children and youth aged 5-17 years), intervention/exposure/comparator (various sleep durations), and outcome (adiposity, emotional regulation, cognition/academic achievement, quality of life/well-being, harms/injuries, and cardiometabolic biomarkers) criteria. Because of high levels of heterogeneity across studies, narrative syntheses were employed. A total of 141 articles (110 unique samples), including 592 215 unique participants from 40 different countries, met inclusion criteria. Overall, longer sleep duration was associated with lower adiposity indicators, better emotional regulation, better academic achievement, and better quality of life/well-being. The evidence was mixed and/or limited for the association between sleep duration and cognition, harms/injuries, and cardiometabolic biomarkers. The quality of evidence ranged from very low to high across study designs and health indicators. In conclusion, we confirmed previous investigations showing that shorter sleep duration is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. However, the available evidence relies heavily on cross-sectional studies using self-reported sleep. To better inform contemporary sleep recommendations, there is a need for sleep restriction/extension interventions that examine the changes in different outcome measures against various amounts of objectively measured sleep to have a better sense of dose-response relationships.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1184202/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1380565/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Role: Role: Role:
                Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/405528/overviewRole: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/402981/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/860765/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                29 November 2024
                2024
                : 15
                : 1490862
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Center of Health and Sport Science—CEFID, Santa Catarina State University-UDESC , Florianópolis, Brazil
                [2] 2Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora, Brazil
                [3] 3Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
                [4] 4Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Visiting Professor, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rondônia, (UNIR) , Porto Velho, Brazil
                [5] 5Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio , Cassino, Italy
                Author notes

                Edited by: Aurelio Olmedilla, University of Murcia, Spain

                Reviewed by: Valeria Sebri, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Italy

                Alexandre Garcia-Mas, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain

                *Correspondence: Alexandro Andrade, alexandro.andrade.phd@ 123456gmail.com

                ORCID: Whyllerton Mayron da Cruz, orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-1341

                Danilo Reis Coimbra, orcid.org/0000-0002-6055-0667

                Guilherme Torres Vilarino, orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-6723

                Amândio Manuel Cupido dos Santos, orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-6985

                Vernon Furtado da Silva, orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-5103

                Pierluigi Diotaiuti, orcid.org/0000-0002-5470-3233

                Alexandro Andrade, orcid.org/0000-0002-6640-9314

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1490862
                11641121
                39679156
                8b3acd81-fdc5-4007-ad08-299de9b880b5
                Copyright © 2024 da Cruz, Coimbra, Vilarino, dos Santos, da Silva, Mancone, Falese, Diotaiuti and Andrade.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 03 September 2024
                : 12 November 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 111, Pages: 12, Words: 10416
                Funding
                Funded by: Foundation for Research and Innovation Support of the State of Santa Catarina-FAPESC
                Award ID: 2019031000035
                Funded by: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES
                The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work has been supported by the following Brazilian research agencies: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES; Foundation for Research and Innovation Support of the State of Santa Catarina-FAPESC and Support of University of Cassino and Southern Lazio.
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Sport Psychology

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                soccer,high performance,detraining,psychological aspects,mental health,covid-19

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