Prevalence of selected sexually and blood-borne infections in Injecting drug abuser inmates of bandar abbas and roodan correction facilities, Iran, 2002

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Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other blood borne viral infections like hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major health issues especially in young and growing population of developing countries. All around the globe correctional facilities are known as potential source of spreading such disease. During summer 2002, HIV, HCV antibodies, hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test were checked in venous blood samples of 252 injecting drug abuser prisoners from correctional facilities in southern Iran. Overall HIV, HCV and HBV infection rate was 15.1% (38/249), 64.8% (163/249), and 4.7% (12/249), respectively. HCV infection rate of HIV positive cases was 94% (35/38). All RPR results were negative. Duration of previous drug abuse and imprisonment were correlated with HIV and HCV infection (p value = 0.0003 and 0.015 & p value =0.02 and 0.02). Considering the higher prevalence of HIV and HCV infection in correctional facilities compared to general population of Iran, warrants immediate multidisciplinary approaches targeted at controlling further spread of these infections primarily among prisoners and secondarily preventing them to act as carrier to general population.

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Urinary tract infection in diabetes.

Lindsay Nicolle (2005)

The aim of this article is to review recent publications relevant to understanding the interaction of urinary tract infection and diabetes mellitus, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiology, and treatment. The largest number of identified reports described aspects of epidemiology, including defining the incidence and outcomes of urinary infection in patients with diabetes. In several reports, mortality and risk of hospitalization for urinary infection were not increased with diabetes, although length of hospitalization may be prolonged. Other reports quantify the increased incidence of cystitis or pyelonephritis in persons with diabetes, but remain subject to potential biases which could overestimate the occurrence in diabetic relative to non-diabetic populations. Several reports suggest that resistant bacteria are more frequently isolated from diabetic outpatients with urinary infection, but it is not clear how this is directly attributable to diabetes. There are no recent clinical trials which enhance our understanding of optimal treatment of symptomatic urinary infection, although several review articles acknowledge the appropriateness of the non-treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetic women. Recent reports exploring diabetes and urinary tract infection provide some insights, particularly for risks of infection and outcomes, but there are no recent large advances in the knowledge base. Questions related to incidence, optimal treatment, and role of metabolic control still need to be addressed to expand the knowledge base and enhance management of this common problem.