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      The impact of Community Mobilisation on HIV Prevention in Middle and Low Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Critique

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          Abstract

          While community mobilisation (CM) is increasingly advocated for HIV prevention, its impact on measurable outcomes has not been established. We performed a systematic review of the impact of CM within HIV prevention interventions (N = 20), on biomedical, behavioural and social outcomes. Among most at risk groups (particularly sex workers), the evidence is somewhat consistent, indicating a tendency for positive impact, with stronger results for behavioural and social outcomes than for biomedical ones. Among youth and general communities, the evidence remains inconclusive. Success appears to be enhanced by engaging groups with a strong collective identity and by simultaneously addressing the socio-political context. We suggest that the inconclusiveness of the findings reflects problems with the evidence, rather than indicating that CM is ineffective. We discuss weaknesses in the operationalization of CM, neglect of social context, and incompatibility between context-specific CM processes and the aspiration of review methodologies to provide simple, context-transcending answers.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0748-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Resumen

          Mientras que la movilización de la comunidad (MC) es cada vez más recomendada para la prevención del VIH, su impacto en resultados mensurables no se ha establecido. Realizamos una revisión sistemática del impacto de la MC en intervenciones para la prevención del VIH (N = 20), en resultados biomédicos, conductuales y sociales. En grupos de riesgo (particularmente trabajadoras sexuales) la evidencia es más bien consistente, indicando una tendencia general de impacto positivo, siendo los resultados conductuales y sociales más robustos que los biomédicos. En los jóvenes y comunidades en general la evidencia no es concluyente. Resultados favorables parecen ser mejorados al involucrar grupos con una fuerte identidad colectiva y, simultáneamente, atender al contexto socio-político. Proponemos que la naturaleza poco concluyente de los hallazgos refleja problemas con la evidencia, en lugar de sugerir que la MC es inefectiva. Discutimos las debilidades en la operacionalización de la MC, la desatención al contexto social y la incompatibilidad entre procesos contextualmente específicos en la MC y la pretensión de las metodologías de revisión de proveer respuestas simples y que trasciendan el contexto.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0748-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references77

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          Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial.

          HIV infection and intimate-partner violence share a common risk environment in much of southern Africa. The aim of the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) study was to assess a structural intervention that combined a microfinance programme with a gender and HIV training curriculum. Villages in the rural Limpopo province of South Africa were pair-matched and randomly allocated to receive the intervention at study onset (intervention group, n=4) or 3 years later (comparison group, n=4). Loans were provided to poor women who enrolled in the intervention group. A participatory learning and action curriculum was integrated into loan meetings, which took place every 2 weeks. Both arms of the trial were divided into three groups: direct programme participants or matched controls (cohort one), randomly selected 14-35-year-old household co-residents (cohort two), and randomly selected community members (cohort three). Primary outcomes were experience of intimate-partner violence--either physical or sexual--in the past 12 months by a spouse or other sexual intimate (cohort one), unprotected sexual intercourse at last occurrence with a non-spousal partner in the past 12 months (cohorts two and three), and HIV incidence (cohort three). Analyses were done on a per-protocol basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00242957. In cohort one, experience of intimate-partner violence was reduced by 55% (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.45, 95% CI 0.23-0.91; adjusted risk difference -7.3%, -16.2 to 1.5). The intervention did not affect the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse with a non-spousal partner in cohort two (aRR 1.02, 0.85-1.23), and there was no effect on the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse at last occurrence with a non-spousal partner (0.89, 0.66-1.19) or HIV incidence (1.06, 0.66-1.69) in cohort three. A combined microfinance and training intervention can lead to reductions in levels of intimate-partner violence in programme participants. Social and economic development interventions have the potential to alter risk environments for HIV and intimate-partner violence in southern Africa.
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            Towards an improved investment approach for an effective response to HIV/AIDS.

            Substantial changes are needed to achieve a more targeted and strategic approach to investment in the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic that will yield long-term dividends. Until now, advocacy for resources has been done on the basis of a commodity approach that encouraged scaling up of numerous strategies in parallel, irrespective of their relative effects. We propose a strategic investment framework that is intended to support better management of national and international HIV/AIDS responses than exists with the present system. Our framework incorporates major efficiency gains through community mobilisation, synergies between programme elements, and benefits of the extension of antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission. It proposes three categories of investment, consisting of six basic programmatic activities, interventions that create an enabling environment to achieve maximum effectiveness, and programmatic efforts in other health and development sectors related to HIV/AIDS. The yearly cost of achievement of universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support by 2015 is estimated at no less than US$22 billion. Implementation of the new investment framework would avert 12·2 million new HIV infections and 7·4 million deaths from AIDS between 2011 and 2020 compared with continuation of present approaches, and result in 29·4 million life-years gained. The framework is cost effective at $1060 per life-year gained, and the additional investment proposed would be largely offset from savings in treatment costs alone. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Structural interventions: concepts, challenges and opportunities for research.

              Structural interventions refer to public health interventions that promote health by altering the structural context within which health is produced and reproduced. They draw on concepts from multiple disciplines, including public health, psychiatry, and psychology, in which attention to interventions is common, and sociology and political economy, where structure is a familiar, if contested, concept. This has meant that even as discussions of structural interventions bring together researchers from various fields, they can get stalled in debates over definitions. In this paper, we seek to move these discussions forward by highlighting a number of critical issues raised by structural interventions, and the subsequent implications of these for research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +44-020-7852-3713 , +44-020-7955-7565 , j.priego-hernandez@lse.ac.uk
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (Boston )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                23 March 2014
                23 March 2014
                2014
                : 18
                : 11
                : 2110-2134
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Methodology, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
                [ ]Department of Social Psychology, The London School of Economics and Political Science, 3rd Floor St Clements Building, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE UK
                [ ]International HIV/AIDS Alliance, Brighton, UK
                [ ]Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
                Article
                748
                10.1007/s10461-014-0748-5
                4196137
                24659360
                8b46d589-93a5-4043-b7ae-e6cd5cf04d81
                © The Author(s) 2014

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                Categories
                Substantive Review
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                community mobilisation,community participation,hiv prevention,hiv/aids,systematic review

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