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      Visible light communication with efficient far-red/near-infrared polymer light-emitting diodes

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          Abstract

          Visible light communication (VLC) is a wireless technology that relies on optical intensity modulation and is potentially a game changer for internet-of-things (IoT) connectivity. However, VLC is hindered by the low penetration depth of visible light in non-transparent media. One solution is to extend operation into the “nearly (in)visible” near-infrared (NIR, 700–1000 nm) region, thus also enabling VLC in photonic bio-applications, considering the biological tissue NIR semitransparency, while conveniently retaining vestigial red emission to help check the link operativity by simple eye inspection. Here, we report new far-red/NIR organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a 650–800 nm emission range and external quantum efficiencies among the highest reported in this spectral range (>2.7%, with maximum radiance and luminance of 3.5 mW/cm 2 and 260 cd/m 2, respectively). With these OLEDs, we then demonstrate a “ real-time” VLC setup achieving a data rate of 2.2 Mb/s, which satisfies the requirements for IoT and biosensing applications. These are the highest rates ever reported for an online unequalised VLC link based on solution-processed OLEDs.

          Long-wavelength OLEDs: visible light communication

          Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that operate in the red and near-infrared region bring new opportunities for applications involving visible light communication (VLC). Alessandro Minotto and coworkers from the UK, Poland and Italy have designed and fabricated heavy-metal-free OLEDs featuring a polymeric light-generating active region composed of a fluorescent 𝜋-expanded diketopyrrolopyrrole dye called eDPP blended in a host charge-transport matrix called F8BT. The devices emit light at 650–800 nm with an external quantum efficiency of around 2.7% and a radiance of 3.5 mW/cm 2. When employed in a data communications link, error-free data rates of ~2.2 Mb/s were achieved making them suitable for a variety of internet-of-things (IoT) applications such as data-enabled biosensing implants where shorter-wavelength visible light cannot be used due to the issue of strong absorption.

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          Most cited references33

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          Near‐Infrared (NIR) Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Challenges and Opportunities

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            Fluorescence quantum yields of a series of red and near-infrared dyes emitting at 600-1000 nm.

            The determination of the fluorescence quantum yields (QY, Φ(f)) of a series of fluorescent dyes that span the absorption/excitation and emission ranges of 520-900 and 600-1000 nm is reported. The dyes encompass commercially available rhodamine 101 (Rh-101, Φ(f) = 0.913), cresyl violet (0.578), oxazine 170 (0.579), oxazine 1 (0.141), cryptocyanine (0.012), HITCI (0.283), IR-125 (0.132), IR-140 (0.167), and four noncommercial cyanine dyes with specific spectroscopic features, all of them in dilute ethanol solution. The QYs have been measured relative to the National Institute of Standards and Technology's standard reference material (SRM) 936a (quinine sulfate, QS) on a traceably characterized fluorometer, employing a chain of transfer standard dyes that include coumarin 102 (Φ(f) = 0.764), coumarin 153 (0.544), and DCM (0.435) as links between QS and Rh-101. The QY of Rh-101 has also been verified in direct measurements against QS using two approaches that rely only on instrument correction. In addition, the effects of temperature and the presence of oxygen on the fluorescence quantum yield of Rh-101 have been assessed.
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              Indoor optical wireless communication: potential and state-of-the-art

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dtgryko@icho.edu.pl
                i.darwazeh@ucl.ac.uk
                f.cacialli@ucl.ac.uk
                Journal
                Light Sci Appl
                Light Sci Appl
                Light, Science & Applications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2095-5545
                2047-7538
                26 April 2020
                26 April 2020
                2020
                : 9
                : 70
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, , University College London, ; London, WC1E 6BT UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0462 7212, GRID grid.1006.7, School of Engineering, , Newcastle University, ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Communications and Information Systems, , University College London, ; London, WC1E 6BT UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1958 0162, GRID grid.413454.3, Institute of Organic Chemistry, , Polish Academy of Sciences, ; 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
                [5 ]ISMN-CNR, Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, 40129 Bologna, Italy
                Article
                314
                10.1038/s41377-020-0314-z
                7183573
                32351694
                8b4f4ce0-674b-4f49-9c9a-6524de0c2626
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 17 October 2019
                : 2 April 2020
                : 10 April 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000288, Royal Society;
                Award ID: RSWMA
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000266, RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC);
                Award ID: EP/P006280/1
                Award ID: EP/P006280/1
                Award ID: EP/P006280/1
                Award ID: EP/P006280/1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (PL-TWIII/17/2016)
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                organic leds,fibre optics and optical communications

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