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      Measuring the Capacity to Love: Development of the CTL-Inventory

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          Abstract

          Objective: The individual capacity to love (CTL) has been linked to various mental health parameters and is considered to be an important outcome parameter of psychotherapeutic treatment. However, empirical examinations of the concept have not been conducted up to now. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of CTL [Capacity to Love Inventory (CTL-I)] as a trait of personality, which is shown to be related to clinically relevant symptoms and conditions.

          Method: Four independent healthy samples in Austria ( n = 547, n = 174, and n = 85) and Poland ( n = 240) were assessed by a prototype of the CTL-I and its final shorter version in a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency of the total questionnaire and each subscale was assessed by Cronbach alpha. External validity was measured against Beck Depression Inventory, Quality of Relationship Inventory, Sociosexual Orientation Inventory, Pathological Narcissism Inventory, and Narcissistic Personality Inventory according to the theoretical framework of the CTL concept. Further test–retest reliability was assessed.

          Results: The CFA confirmed 41 items in six dimensions: Interest in the life project of the other, Basic trust, Humility and gratitude, Common ego ideal, Permanence of sexual passion, and Acceptance of loss/jealousy/mourning. The Cronbach alphas of the total CTL-I and its subscales ranged between 0.67 and 0.90 in all samples, suggesting a valid construct. The CTL-I was moderately positively associated with quality of relationship (Support r = 0.63, Conflict r = -0.66, and Depth r = 0.66) and inversely associated with symptoms of depression ( r = -0.37), pathological narcissism ( r = -0.29) and promiscuity ( r = -0.42). The test–retest reliability of the total CTL-I was high with r = 0.81, suggesting the stability of answers over time.

          Conclusion: The proposed 41-item version of the CTL-I is a psychometrically sound and validated instrument measuring six dimensions of the concept of the CTL. The reported negative associations with clinically relevant parameters such as depression, pathological narcissism and promiscuity as well as associations with relationship qualities such as conflicts, support, and depth warrant its future use in burdened populations including couples in clinical settings.

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          Most cited references67

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          A triangular theory of love.

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            Individual differences in sociosexuality: evidence for convergent and discriminant validity.

            Individual differences in willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations were investigated in 6 studies. In Study 1, a 5-item Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) was developed. Studies 2, 3, and 4 provided convergent validity evidence for the SOI, revealing that persons who have an unrestricted sociosexual orientation tend to (a) engage in sex at an earlier point in their relationships, (b) engage in sex with more than 1 partner at a time, and (c) be involved in relationships characterized by less investment, commitment, love, and dependency. Study 5 provided discriminant validity for the SOI, revealing that it does not covary appreciably with a good marker of sex drive. Study 6 demonstrated that the SOI correlates negligibly with measures of sexual satisfaction, anxiety, and guilt. The possible stability of, origins of, and motivational bases underlying individual differences in sociosexuality are discussed.
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              Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement.

              Interpersonal forgiving was conceptualized in the context of a 2-factor motivational system that governs people's responses to interpersonal offenses. Four studies were conducted to examine the extent to which forgiving could be predicted with relationship-level variables such as satisfaction, commitment, and closeness; offense-level variables such as apology and impact of the offense; and social-cognitive variables such as offender-focused empathy and rumination about the offense. Also described is the development of the transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory--a self-report measure designed to assess the 2-component motivational system (Avoidance and Revenge) posited to underlie forgiving. The measure demonstrated a variety of desirable psychometric properties, commending its use for future research. As predicted, empathy, apology, rumination, and several indexes of relationship closeness were associated with self-reported forgiving.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                24 July 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 1115
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
                [2] 2Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
                [3] 3Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marco Innamorati, Università Europea di Roma, Italy

                Reviewed by: Marco Tommasi, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Elisa Pedroli, Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IRCCS), Italy

                *Correspondence: Nestor D. Kapusta, nestor.kapusta@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at

                This article was submitted to Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01115
                6066550
                8b5c3b58-5a85-4efe-b74c-ac99aae4dc1c
                Copyright © 2018 Kapusta, Jankowski, Wolf, Chéron-Le Guludec, Lopatka, Hammerer, Schnieder, Kealy, Ogrodniczuk and Blüml.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 16 March 2018
                : 11 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 87, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Medizinische Universität Wien 10.13039/501100005788
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                capacity to love inventory (ctl-i),psychometrics properties,validity and reliability,psychotherapy,psychoanalytic theory

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