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      Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients

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          Abstract

          Background: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its relation with mortality among hospitalized patients. Methods: Analysis of hospital discharge and laboratory data from an urban academic medical center over a 1-year period. We included hospitalized adult patients receiving two or more serum creatinine (sCr) measurements. We excluded prisoners, psychiatry, labor and delivery, and transferred patients, ‘bedded outpatients’ as well as individuals with a history of kidney transplant or chronic dialysis. We defined AKI as (a) an increase in sCr of ≥0.3 mg/dl; (b) an increase in sCr to ≥150% of baseline, or (c) the initiation of dialysis in a patient with no known history of prior dialysis. We identified factors associated with AKI as well as the relationships between AKI and in-hospital mortality. Results: Among the 19,249 hospitalizations included in the analysis, the incidence of AKI was 22.7%. Older persons, Blacks, and patients with reduced baseline kidney function were more likely to develop AKI (all p < 0.001). Among AKI cases, the most common primary admitting diagnosis groups were circulatory diseases (25.4%) and infection (16.4%). After adjustment for age, sex, race, admitting sCr concentration, and the severity of illness index, AKI was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio 4.43, 95% confidence interval 3.68–5.35). Conclusions: AKI occurred in over 1 of 5 hospitalizations and was associated with a more than fourfold increased likelihood of death. These observations highlight the importance of AKI recognition as well as the association of AKI with mortality in hospitalized patients.

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          Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients.

          Glenn Chertow, Elisabeth Burdick, Melissa M Honour … (2005)
          The marginal effects of acute kidney injury on in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs have not been well described. A consecutive sample of 19,982 adults who were admitted to an urban academic medical center, including 9210 who had two or more serum creatinine (SCr) determinations, was evaluated. The presence and degree of acute kidney injury were assessed using absolute and relative increases from baseline to peak SCr concentration during hospitalization. Large increases in SCr concentration were relatively rare (e.g., >or=2.0 mg/dl in 105 [1%] patients), whereas more modest increases in SCr were common (e.g., >or=0.5 mg/dl in 1237 [13%] patients). Modest changes in SCr were significantly associated with mortality, LOS, and costs, even after adjustment for age, gender, admission International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis, severity of illness (diagnosis-related group weight), and chronic kidney disease. For example, an increase in SCr >or=0.5 mg/dl was associated with a 6.5-fold (95% confidence interval 5.0 to 8.5) increase in the odds of death, a 3.5-d increase in LOS, and nearly 7500 dollars in excess hospital costs. Acute kidney injury is associated with significantly increased mortality, LOS, and costs across a broad spectrum of conditions. Moreover, outcomes are related directly to the severity of acute kidney injury, whether characterized by nominal or percentage changes in serum creatinine.
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            Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study.

            Tariq Ali, Izhar U.H. Khan, William Simpson … (2007)
            Epidemiological studies of acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute-on-chronic renal failure (ACRF) are surprisingly sparse and confounded by differences in definition. Reported incidences vary, with few studies being population-based. Given this and our aging population, the incidence of AKI may be much higher than currently thought. We tested the hypothesis that the incidence is higher by including all patients with AKI (in a geographical population base of 523,390) regardless of whether they required renal replacement therapy irrespective of the hospital setting in which they were treated. We also tested the hypothesis that the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage Kidney (RIFLE) classification predicts outcomes. We identified all patients with serum creatinine concentrations > or =150 micromol/L (male) or > or =130 micromol/L (female) over a 6-mo period in 2003. Clinical outcomes were obtained from each patient's case records. The incidences of AKI and ACRF were 1811 and 336 per million population, respectively. Median age was 76 yr for AKI and 80.5 yr for ACRF. Sepsis was a precipitating factor in 47% of patients. The RIFLE classification was useful for predicting full recovery of renal function (P < 0.001), renal replacement therapy requirement (P < 0.001), length of hospital stay [excluding those who died during admission (P < 0.001)], and in-hospital mortality (P = 0.035). RIFLE did not predict mortality at 90 d or 6 mo. Thus the incidence of AKI is much higher than previously thought, with implications for service planning and providing information to colleagues about methods to prevent deterioration of renal function. The RIFLE classification is useful for identifying patients at greatest risk of adverse short-term outcomes.
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              An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients.

              Shigehiko Uchino, Rinaldo Bellomo, Donna Goldsmith … (2006)
              The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group published a consensus definition (the RIFLE criteria) for acute renal failure. We sought to assess the ability of the RIFLE criteria to predict mortality in hospital patients. Retrospective single-center study. University-affiliated hospital. All patients admitted to the study hospital between January 2000 and December 2002. Patients were excluded if they were younger than 15 yrs old, were on chronic dialysis, or had kidney transplant or if their length of hospital stay was <24 hrs. None. We included 20,126 patients. Mean age was 64 yrs, 14.7% of patients required intensive care unit admission, and hospital mortality was 8.0%. According to the RIFLE criteria, 9.1% of all patients were in the Risk category for acute renal failure, 5.2% were in the Injury category, and 3.7% were in the Failure category. There was an almost linear increase in hospital mortality from Normal to Failure (Normal, 4.4%; Risk, 15.1%; Injury, 29.2%; and Failure, 41.1%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that all RIFLE criteria were significantly predictive factors for hospital mortality, with an almost linear increase in odds ratios from Risk to Failure (odds ratios, Risk 2.5, Injury 5.4, Failure 10.1). The RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure classified close to 20% of our study patients as having some degrees of acute impairment in renal function and were useful in predicting their hospital mortality.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AJN
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Nephrol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0250-8095
                Title: American Journal of Nephrology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 0250-8095
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9670
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2012
                Publication date (Print): May 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 April 2012
                Volume: 35
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 349-355
                Affiliations
                Departments of aEmergency Medicine and bEpidemiology, and cDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., and dDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
                Author notes
                *Henry E. Wang, MD, MS, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, OHB 251, Birmingham, AL 35249 (USA), Tel. +1 205 996 6526, E-Mail hwang@uabmc.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 337487 Pmcid ID: PMC3362180 Other ID: Am J Nephrol 2012;35:349–355
                DOI: 10.1159/000337487
                PMC ID: PMC3362180
                PubMed ID: 22473149
                SO-VID: 8b66da9d-8a9a-4c66-9435-38353abaa2bf
                Copyright © © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 13 December 2011
                Date accepted : 22 February 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Report: Patient-Oriented, Translational Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Keywords: Mortality,Chronic kidney disease,Acute kidney injury,Health services
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology
                Keywords: Mortality, Chronic kidney disease, Acute kidney injury, Health services

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