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      Zingiber officinale Improves Cognitive Function of the Middle-Aged Healthy Women

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          Abstract

          The development of cognitive enhancers from plants possessing antioxidants has gained much attention due to the role of oxidative stress-induced cognitive impairment. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of ginger extract, or Zingiber officinale, on the cognitive function of middle-aged, healthy women. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or standardized plant extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg once daily for 2 months. They were evaluated for working memory and cognitive function using computerized battery tests and the auditory oddball paradigm of event-related potentials at three different time periods: before receiving the intervention, one month, and two months. We found that the ginger-treated groups had significantly decreased P300 latencies, increased N100 and P300 amplitudes, and exhibited enhanced working memory. Therefore, ginger is a potential cognitive enhancer for middle-aged women.

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          Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes.

          E. E. Smith, J. JONIDES (1999)
          The human frontal cortex helps mediate working memory, a system that is used for temporary storage and manipulation of information and that is involved in many higher cognitive functions. Working memory includes two components: short-term storage (on the order of seconds) and executive processes that operate on the contents of storage. Recently, these two components have been investigated in functional neuroimaging studies. Studies of storage indicate that different frontal regions are activated for different kinds of information: storage for verbal materials activates Broca's area and left-hemisphere supplementary and premotor areas; storage of spatial information activates the right-hemisphere premotor cortex; and storage of object information activates other areas of the prefrontal cortex. Two of the fundamental executive processes are selective attention and task management. Both processes activate the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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            The P300 wave of the human event-related potential.

            T Picton (1992)
            The P300 wave is a positive deflection in the human event-related potential. It is most commonly elicited in an "oddball" paradigm when a subject detects an occasional "target" stimulus in a regular train of standard stimuli. The P300 wave only occurs if the subject is actively engaged in the task of detecting the targets. Its amplitude varies with the improbability of the targets. Its latency varies with the difficulty of discriminating the target stimulus from the standard stimuli. A typical peak latency when a young adult subject makes a simple discrimination is 300 ms. In patients with decreased cognitive ability, the P300 is smaller and later than in age-matched normal subjects. The intracerebral origin of the P300 wave is not known and its role in cognition not clearly understood. The P300 may have multiple intracerebral generators, with the hippocampus and various association areas of the neocortex all contributing to the scalp-recorded potential. The P300 wave may represent the transfer of information to consciousness, a process that involves many different regions of the brain.
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              Storage and Executive Processes in the Frontal Lobes

              E E Smith-Jackson (1999)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2011
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 December 2011
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 383062
                Affiliations
                1Neuroscience Program and Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
                2Neuroscience Laboratory Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
                3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
                4Department of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
                Author notes
                *Jintanaporn Wattanathorn: jinwat05@ 123456gmail.com

                Academic Editor: Angelo Antonio Izzo

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/383062
                PMC ID: 3253463
                PubMed ID: 22235230
                SO-VID: 8b6e3c88-4fad-4c78-bd2f-e1e308777246
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Naritsara Saenghong et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 20 August 2011
                Date accepted : 21 September 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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