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      The Disproportionate Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Pregnant Black Women

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted the well-being of vulnerable populations in the US, including Black people. The impact on pregnant women is of special concern for the intrauterine and post-natal development of their offspring. We evaluated in an online survey a sample of 913 pregnant women, 216 Black, 571 White, 126 Other, during a 2-week stay-at-home mandate in the Philadelphia region. We applied logistic regression models and analysis of covariance to examine general and pregnancy-specific worries and negative consequences arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and resilience. Black pregnant women reported greater likelihood of having their employment negatively impacted, more concerns about a lasting economic burden, and more worries about their prenatal care, birth experience, and post-natal needs. In the full sample, 11.1% of women met screening criteria for anxiety and 9.9% met criteria for depression. Black women were more likely to meet criteria for depression than White women, but this difference was not significant accounting for covariates. Resilience factors including self-reliance and emotion regulation were higher in Black women. Racial disparities related to COVID-19 in pregnant women can advance the understanding of pregnancy related stressors and improve early identification of mental health needs.

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          Most cited references36

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          COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence

          Highlights • COVID-19 patients displayed high levels of PTSS and increased levels of depression. • Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. • Higher levels of psychiatric symptoms were found among health care workers. • A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public. • However, well conducted large-scale studies are highly needed.
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            Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on Black Communities

            Purpose Given incomplete data reporting by race, we used data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in US counties to describe racial disparities in COVID-19 disease and death and associated determinants. Methods Using publicly available data (accessed April 13, 2020), predictors of COVID-19 cases and deaths were compared between disproportionately (>13%) black and all other ( 13% black residents. Conclusions Nearly twenty-two percent of US counties are disproportionately black and they accounted for 52% of COVID-19 diagnoses and 58% of COVID-19 deaths nationally. County-level comparisons can both inform COVID-19 responses and identify epidemic hot spots. Social conditions, structural racism, and other factors elevate risk for COVID-19 diagnoses and deaths in black communities.
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              Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health

              Highlights • Young adults showed high rates of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic • Loneliness, COVID-19 worry, and distress tolerance predicted mental health symptoms • Family support was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety • Interventions may consider targeting loneliness and distress tolerance
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Psychiatry Res
                Psychiatry Res
                Psychiatry Research
                Published by Elsevier B.V.
                0165-1781
                1872-7123
                24 September 2020
                24 September 2020
                : 113475
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [b ]Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [c ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [d ]Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [e ]Policy Lab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [f ]Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [g ]Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
                [i ]Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                S0165-1781(20)33136-X 113475
                10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113475
                7513921
                33007683
                8b9775de-925e-4ad6-a4f4-11b905c396f8
                © 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 18 July 2020
                : 19 September 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                racial disparity,pregnancy,stress,anxiety,depression,resilience,covid-19
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                racial disparity, pregnancy, stress, anxiety, depression, resilience, covid-19

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