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      Current Advances in Polymer-Based Nanotheranostics for Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis

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          Abstract

          Nanotheranostics is a relatively new, fast-growing field that combines the advantages of treatment and diagnosis via a single nanoscale carrier. The ability to bundle both therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities into one package offers exciting prospects for the development of novel nanomedicine. Nanotheranostics can deliver treatment while simultaneously monitoring therapy response in real-time, thereby decreasing the potential of over- or under-dosing patients. Polymer-based nanomaterials, in particular, have been used extensively as carriers for both therapeutic and bioimaging agents and thus hold great promise for the construction of multifunctional theranostic formulations. Herein, we review recent advances in polymer-based systems for nanotheranostics, with a particular focus on their applications in cancer research. We summarize the use of polymer nanomaterials for drug delivery, gene delivery, and photodynamic therapy, combined with imaging agents for magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide imaging, and fluorescence imaging.

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          Most cited references74

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          Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels.

          Semiconductor nanocrystals were prepared for use as fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics. Compared with conventional fluorophores, the nanocrystals have a narrow, tunable, symmetric emission spectrum and are photochemically stable. The advantages of the broad, continuous excitation spectrum were demonstrated in a dual-emission, single-excitation labeling experiment on mouse fibroblasts. These nanocrystal probes are thus complementary and in some cases may be superior to existing fluorophores.
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            Nanoparticle delivery of cancer drugs.

            Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to medicine, enabled the development of nanoparticle therapeutic carriers. These drug carriers are passively targeted to tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, so they are ideally suited for the delivery of chemotherapeutics in cancer treatment. Indeed, advances in nanomedicine have rapidly translated into clinical practice. To date, there are five clinically approved nanoparticle chemotherapeutics for cancer and many more under clinical investigation. In this review, we discuss the various nanoparticle drug delivery platforms and the important concepts involved in nanoparticle drug delivery. We also review the clinical data on the approved nanoparticle therapeutics as well as the nanotherapeutics under clinical investigation.
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              Lipid-insertion enables targeting functionalization of erythrocyte membrane-cloaked nanoparticles.

              RBC membrane-cloaked polymeric nanoparticles represent an emerging nanocarrier platform with extended circulation in vivo. A lipid-insertion method is employed to functionalize these nanoparticles without the need for direct chemical conjugation. Insertion of both folate and the nucleolin-targeting aptamer AS1411 shows receptor-specific targeting against model cancer cell lines.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
                ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
                am
                aamick
                ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
                American Chemical Society
                1944-8244
                1944-8252
                11 July 2015
                11 July 2014
                24 December 2014
                : 6
                : 24 , Materials for Theranostics
                : 21859-21873
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]E-mail: zhang@ 123456ucsd.edu . Phone: 858-246-0999.
                Article
                10.1021/am5036225
                4278687
                25014486
                8b99e17d-3955-4f8b-875f-cdd9ebcd9815
                Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society

                This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

                History
                : 08 June 2014
                : 11 July 2014
                Funding
                National Institutes of Health, United States
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                am5036225
                am-2014-036225

                Materials technology
                polymer,nanoparticle,cancer,theranostics,drug delivery,imaging
                Materials technology
                polymer, nanoparticle, cancer, theranostics, drug delivery, imaging

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