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      Monogenic diabetes due to an INSR mutation in a child with severe insulin resistance

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          Abstract

          Summary

          We report a case of an 11-year-old girl presenting with a new diagnosis of diabetes associated with a heterozygous missense mutation in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene. This case highlights that INSR gene variants can be a cause for monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents and the need for genetic evaluation in atypical presentations of diabetes. We also describe the possible role of metformin in treating individuals with type A insulin resistance syndrome due to INSR gene variants.

          Learning points

          • Insulin receptor (INSR) gene variants can be a cause of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents.

          • Genetic evaluation should be considered in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly where there is an atypical presentation and/or positive family history.

          • Metformin may have a role in the treatment of type A insulin resistance syndrome due to heterozygous mutation of the INSR gene.

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          Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants: A Joint Consensus Recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology

          Sue Richards, Nazneen Aziz, Sherri Bale … (2015)
          The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) previously developed guidance for the interpretation of sequence variants. 1 In the past decade, sequencing technology has evolved rapidly with the advent of high-throughput next generation sequencing. By adopting and leveraging next generation sequencing, clinical laboratories are now performing an ever increasing catalogue of genetic testing spanning genotyping, single genes, gene panels, exomes, genomes, transcriptomes and epigenetic assays for genetic disorders. By virtue of increased complexity, this paradigm shift in genetic testing has been accompanied by new challenges in sequence interpretation. In this context, the ACMG convened a workgroup in 2013 comprised of representatives from the ACMG, the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) and the College of American Pathologists (CAP) to revisit and revise the standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants. The group consisted of clinical laboratory directors and clinicians. This report represents expert opinion of the workgroup with input from ACMG, AMP and CAP stakeholders. These recommendations primarily apply to the breadth of genetic tests used in clinical laboratories including genotyping, single genes, panels, exomes and genomes. This report recommends the use of specific standard terminology: ‘pathogenic’, ‘likely pathogenic’, ‘uncertain significance’, ‘likely benign’, and ‘benign’ to describe variants identified in Mendelian disorders. Moreover, this recommendation describes a process for classification of variants into these five categories based on criteria using typical types of variant evidence (e.g. population data, computational data, functional data, segregation data, etc.). Because of the increased complexity of analysis and interpretation of clinical genetic testing described in this report, the ACMG strongly recommends that clinical molecular genetic testing should be performed in a CLIA-approved laboratory with results interpreted by a board-certified clinical molecular geneticist or molecular genetic pathologist or equivalent.
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            Prevalence, characteristics and clinical diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young due to mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth.

            Catherine Pihoker, Lisa K Gilliam, Sian Ellard … (2013)
            Our study aims were to determine the frequency of MODY mutations (HNF1A, HNF4A, glucokinase) in a diverse population of youth with diabetes and to assess how well clinical features identify youth with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY).
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              Genetic syndromes of severe insulin resistance.

              Robert K. Semple, David B. Savage, Elaine K Cochran … (2011)
              Insulin resistance is among the most prevalent endocrine derangements in the world, and it is closely associated with major diseases of global reach including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and ovulatory dysfunction. It is most commonly found in those with obesity but may also occur in an unusually severe form in rare patients with monogenic defects. Such patients may loosely be grouped into those with primary disorders of insulin signaling and those with defects in adipose tissue development or function (lipodystrophy). The severe insulin resistance of both subgroups puts patients at risk of accelerated complications and poses severe challenges in clinical management. However, the clinical disorders produced by different genetic defects are often biochemically and clinically distinct and are associated with distinct risks of complications. This means that optimal management of affected patients should take into account the specific natural history of each condition. In clinical practice, they are often underdiagnosed, however, with low rates of identification of the underlying genetic defect, a problem compounded by confusing and overlapping nomenclature and classification. We now review recent developments in understanding of genetic forms of severe insulin resistance and/or lipodystrophy and suggest a revised classification based on growing knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep
                Journal ID (hwp): EDM
                Title: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports
                Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2052-0573
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 December 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 21-0114
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [2 ]Department of Clinical Biochemistry , PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Australia
                [3 ]School of Medicine , University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to E E Sanderson; Email: Elaine.E.Sanderson@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2823-0006
                Article
                Publisher ID: EDM210114
                DOI: 10.1530/EDM-21-0114
                PMC ID: 8789010
                PubMed ID: 35000900
                SO-VID: 8b9a88e4-dfef-4314-985a-8ed74cc75901
                Copyright statement: © The authors
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License..

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2021
                Date accepted : 01 December 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Paediatric
                Subject: Female
                Subject: White
                Subject: Australia
                Subject: Pancreas
                Subject: Diabetes
                Subject: New Disease or Syndrome: Presentations/Diagnosis/Management
                Subject: New Disease or Syndrome: Presentations/Diagnosis/Management

                Keywords: paediatric,female,white,australia,pancreas,diabetes,new disease or syndrome: presentations/diagnosis/management,january,2022
                Data availability:
                Keywords: paediatric, female, white, australia, pancreas, diabetes, new disease or syndrome: presentations/diagnosis/management, january, 2022

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