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      Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course

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          Abstract

          By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally; approximately 90–95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex differences related to the burden of type 2 diabetes across the life span: sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes, and sex differences in the cardiovascular burden conferred by type 2 diabetes. In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the difference in the absolute rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) between men and women lessens, albeit remaining higher in men. Large-scale observational studies suggest that type 2 diabetes confers 25–50% greater excess risk of incident CVD in women compared with men. Physiological and behavioural mechanisms that may underpin both the observed sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the associated cardiovascular burden are discussed in this review. Gender differences in social behavioural norms and disparities in provider-level treatment patterns are also highlighted, but not described in detail. We conclude by discussing research gaps in this area that are worthy of further investigation.

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          Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Women Compared With Men: A Pooled Analysis of 2.3 Million People Comprising More Than 100,000 Cases of Dementia

          OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes confers a greater excess risk of cardiovascular disease in women than in men. Diabetes is also a risk factor for dementia, but whether the association is similar in women and men remains unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of unpublished data to estimate the sex-specific relationship between women and men with diabetes with incident dementia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic search identified studies published prior to November 2014 that had reported on the prospective association between diabetes and dementia. Study authors contributed unpublished sex-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs on the association between diabetes and all dementia and its subtypes. Sex-specific RRs and the women-to-men ratio of RRs (RRRs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Study-level data from 14 studies, 2,310,330 individuals, and 102,174 dementia case patients were included. In multiple-adjusted analyses, diabetes was associated with a 60% increased risk of any dementia in both sexes (women: pooled RR 1.62 [95% CI 1.45–1.80]; men: pooled RR 1.58 [95% CI 1.38–1.81]). The diabetes-associated RRs for vascular dementia were 2.34 (95% CI 1.86–2.94) in women and 1.73 (95% CI 1.61–1.85) in men, and for nonvascular dementia, the RRs were 1.53 (95% CI 1.35–1.73) in women and 1.49 (95% CI 1.31–1.69) in men. Overall, women with diabetes had a 19% greater risk for the development of vascular dementia than men (multiple-adjusted RRR 1.19 [95% CI 1.08–1.30]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with type 2 diabetes are at ∼60% greater risk for the development of dementia compared with those without diabetes. For vascular dementia, but not for nonvascular dementia, the additional risk is greater in women.
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            Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995-2005: a population-based study.

            The prevalence of diabetes has been increasing greatly, but WHO's predicted 39% rise in the global rate of diabetes from 2000 to 2030 might be an underestimate. We aimed to assess diabetes trends in Ontario, Canada. Using population-based data, including a validated diabetes database from the province of Ontario, Canada, we examined trends in diabetes prevalence and mortality from 1995 to 2005, and incidence from 1997 to 2003, in adults aged 20 years or older. Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted diabetes prevalence increased by 69%, from 5.2% in a population of 7,908,562 in 1995 to 8.8% of 9,276,945 in 2005. Prevalence increased by 27% from 6.9% in a population of 8,457,720 in 2000 to 8.8% of 9,276,945 in 2005. Although prevalence rates have remained higher in people aged 50 years or older (7.1% of 3,675,554) than in those aged 20-49 years (3.5% of 5 601 391), rates increased to a greater extent in the younger population (94%vs 63%, p<0.0001). A 31% increase occurred in yearly incidence over 6 years, from 6.6 per 1000 in 1997 to 8.2 per 1000 in 2003. The adjusted mortality rate in people with diabetes fell by 25% from 1995 to 2005. The prevalence of diabetes in Ontario, Canada increased substantially during the past 10 years, and by 2005 already exceeded the global rate that was predicted for 2030. This increase in prevalence is attributable to both rising incidence and declining mortality. Effective public-health interventions aimed at diabetes prevention are needed, as well as improved resources to manage the greater number of people living longer with the disease.
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              Decline in physical activity in black girls and white girls during adolescence.

              Physical activity declines during adolescence, but the underlying reasons remain unknown. We prospectively followed 1213 black girls and 1166 white girls enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study from the ages of 9 or 10 to the ages of 18 or 19 years. We used a validated questionnaire to measure leisure-time physical activity on the basis of metabolic equivalents (MET) for reported activities and their frequency in MET-times per week; a higher score indicated greater activity. The respective median activity scores for black girls and white girls were 27.3 and 30.8 MET-times per week at base line and declined to 0 and 11.0 by year 10 of the study (a 100 percent decline for black girls and a 64 percent decline for white girls, P<0.001). By the age of 16 or 17 years, 56 percent of the black girls and 31 percent of the white girls reported no habitual leisure-time activity. Lower levels of parental education were associated with greater decline in activity for white girls at both younger ages (P<0.001) and older ages (P=0.005); for black girls, this association was seen only at the older ages (P=0.04). Pregnancy was associated with decline in activity among black girls (P<0.001) but not among white girls, whereas cigarette smoking was associated with decline in activity among white girls (P<0.001). A higher body-mass index was associated with greater decline in activity among girls of both races (P< or =0.05). Substantial declines in physical activity occur during adolescence in girls and are greater in black girls than in white girls. Some determinants of this decline, such as higher body-mass index, pregnancy, and smoking, may be modifiable. Copyright 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Diabetologia
                Diabetologia
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0012-186X
                1432-0428
                October 2019
                August 27 2019
                October 2019
                : 62
                : 10
                : 1761-1772
                Article
                10.1007/s00125-019-4939-5
                7008947
                31451872
                8bb4a8ab-19d7-4d2a-a372-2b21753d8a0d
                © 2019

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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