Costs analysis of the treatment of imported malaria

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Abstract

Background

To document the status of imported malaria infections and estimate the costs of treating of patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of imported malaria in the Slovak Republic during 2003 to 2008.

Case study

Calculating and comparing the direct and indirect costs of treatment of patients diagnosed with imported malaria (ICD-10: B50 - B54) who used and not used chemoprophylaxis. The target sample included 19 patients diagnosed with imported malaria from 2003 to 2008, with 11 whose treatment did not include chemoprophylaxis and eight whose treatment did.

Results

The mean direct cost of malaria treatment for patients without chemoprophylaxis was 1,776.0 EUR, and the mean indirect cost 524.2 EUR. In patients with chemoprophylaxis the mean direct cost was 405.6 EUR, and the mean indirect cost 257.4 EUR.

Conclusions

The analysis confirmed statistically-significant differences between the direct and indirect costs of treatment with and without chemoprophylaxis for patients with imported malaria.

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Most cited references 10

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Economic costs of epidemic malaria to households in rural Ethiopia.

Wakgari Deressa, Damen Hailemariam, Amgad Ali (2007)

To estimate the direct and indirect costs of malaria morbidity among communities in an epidemic area in rural Southcentral Ethiopia. Community-based cross-sectional study of 2195 households in Adami Tulu district from October to November 2003. Treatment-seeking behaviour, expenditure on treatment and transportation, interruption of normal activities, time lost from working and household expenditure on preventive methods were ascertained through interview. Of 12,225 surveyed individuals, 1748 (14.3%) reported perceived malaria during the preceding 2 weeks. 77.1% sought any form of care and 70% had recovered at the time of interview. The average treatment cost per patient at private clinics was Birr 24.00 ($2.76) and Birr 12.50 ($1.44) at public facilities. The average estimated direct cost of malaria per patient was Birr 14.00 ($1.60); the average indirect cost, Birr 35.26 ($4.08). Only 5% of all households reported any preventive expenditure in the preceding month, with a mean of Birr 0.76 ($0.09). Malaria poses a significant economic burden on rural households and individuals both through out-of-pocket payment and person-days lost. The promotion and implementation of insecticide-treated nets would alleviate the economic consequences of the disease.

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Declining incidence of malaria imported into the UK from West Africa

Ron Behrens, Bernadette Carroll, Valerie Smith … (2008)

Background Two thirds of all falciparum malaria cases reported in the United Kingdom (UK) are acquired in West Africa (WA). To ensure recommendations and guidelines for malaria prophylaxis in travellers to West Africa correlate to the risk of infection, a study was undertaken to examine recent trends and predict future patterns of imported malaria acquired by UK residents visiting West Africa and West African visitors to the UK between 1993 and 2006. Methods and Results Using passenger numbers and malaria surveillance reports, the data revealed a 2.3-fold increase in travel to West Africa with a five-fold increase in travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFR). Malaria incidence fell through the study period, the greatest decline noted in VFR with a fall from 196 cases/1,000 person-years to 52 cases/1,000 person-years, 9.8% per year p < 0.0001. The risk for travellers from the UK visiting for other reasons declined 2.7 fold, at an annual decrease of 7.0%, with the incidence in West African visitors to the UK falling by 2.3 fold, a rate of 7.9% annually. Discussion The reduction in incidence among all three groups of travellers may be explained by several factors; changing chemoprophylaxis usage and/or increased travel in urban areas where malaria risk has declined over the past decade, or widespread reduction in malaria transmission in West Africa. Conclusion With the reduction in malaria incidence seen in both visitors to and from West Africa, the most rational explanation for these findings is a fall in malaria transmission in West Africa, which may require a change in chemoprophylaxis policy for UK travelers over the next 5–10 years.

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The economic cost of malaria in Africa.

R Sauerborn, U. Brinkmann, M Ettling … (1991)

Although malaria is the major health problem in Africa, there is little research on its economic impact. This study adapts a framework for assessing the economic costs of illness to available data on malaria. Direct costs of illness are the costs of treatment and control activities, and indirect costs are the value of lost time due to morbidity and premature mortality. Direct costs were estimated by applying the average estimated health systems costs per case to the number of cases. Indirect costs were assessed by multiplying adult output per day times the estimated productive time lost through both adult and childhood cases. As data are not available to assess the economic impact of malaria in Africa as a whole, four case studies were performed on countries or regions for which needed data could be found. The four sites (Rwanda, Solenzo medical district of Burkina Faso, Mayo-Kebbi district, Chad, and Brazzaville, Congo) were chosen to illustrate the diversity in kinds of data which can be used (aggregate national health statistics versus household surveys) and in locations (urban versus rural). Costs were calculated for the recent past and were projected to 1995 based on recent epidemiological trends. Estimates for all sub-Saharan Africa were derived from the averages of these sites. In 1987, a case of malaria cost $9.84 (in 1987 US dollars)--$1.83 in direct costs and $ 8.01 in indirect costs. As the average value of goods and services produced per day in Africa was $0.82, this cost is equivalent to 12 days of output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Malar J

Title: Malaria Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2875

Publication date Collection: 2012

Publication date (Electronic): 2 January 2012

Volume: 11

Page: 1

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Sklabinska 26, 037 53 Martin, Slovak Republic

[2 ]Clinic of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic

[3 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Sklabinska 26, 037 53 Martin, Slovak Republic

[4 ]Clinic of Urology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovak Republic

Article

Publisher ID: 1475-2875-11-1

DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-1

PMC ID: 3276413

PubMed ID: 22212246

SO-VID: 8bd2000e-1e48-4af6-8da3-b73774bff114

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Costs analysis of the treatment of imported malaria

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Abstract

Background

Case study

Results

Conclusions

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China Tropical Medicine

Most cited references 10

Economic costs of epidemic malaria to households in rural Ethiopia.

Declining incidence of malaria imported into the UK from West Africa

The economic cost of malaria in Africa.

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