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      Lignans and Their Derivatives from Plants as Antivirals

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , * , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 , *
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Molecules
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: lignans, antivirals, mechanism, drug development

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          Abstract

          Lignans are widely produced by various plant species; they are a class of natural products that share structural similarity. They usually contain a core scaffold that is formed by two or more phenylpropanoid units. Lignans possess diverse pharmacological properties, including their antiviral activities that have been reported in recent years. This review discusses the distribution of lignans in nature according to their structural classification, and it provides a comprehensive summary of their antiviral activities. Among them, two types of antiviral lignans—podophyllotoxin and bicyclol, which are used to treat venereal warts and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in clinical, serve as examples of using lignans for antivirals—are discussed in some detail. Prospects of lignans in antiviral drug discovery are also discussed.

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          Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years

          Alessandro Federico, Marcello Dallio, Carmelina Loguercio (2017)
          Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, or milk thistle, and its major active compound is silybin, which has a remarkable biological effect. It is used in different liver disorders, particularly chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic power. Indeed, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin is oriented towards the reduction of virus-related liver damages through inflammatory cascade softening and immune system modulation. It also has a direct antiviral effect associated with its intravenous administration in hepatitis C virus infection. With respect to alcohol abuse, silymarin is able to increase cellular vitality and to reduce both lipid peroxidation and cellular necrosis. Furthermore, silymarin/silybin use has important biological effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These substances antagonize the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, by intervening in various therapeutic targets: oxidative stress, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Silymarin is also used in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma that represent common end stages of different hepatopathies by modulating different molecular patterns. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine scientific studies concerning the effects derived from silymarin/silybin use in chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
          Article 0 comments Cited 151 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Recent advances in research on lignans and neolignans.

            Rémy Bertrand Teponno, Souvik Kusari, Michael Spiteller (2016)
            Covering: 2009 to 2015Lignans and neolignans are a large group of natural products derived from the oxidative coupling of two C6-C3 units. Owing to their biological activities ranging from antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory to antiviral properties, they have been used for a long time both in ethnic as well as in conventional medicine. This review describes 564 of the latest examples of naturally occurring lignans and neolignans, and their glycosides in some cases, which have been isolated between 2009 and 2015. It comprises the data reported in more than 200 peer-reviewed articles and covers their source, isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivities (where available), and highlights the biosynthesis and total synthesis of some important ones.
            Article 0 comments Cited 128 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Neuronal oxidative stress in acute ischemic stroke: sources and contribution to cell injury.

              Tomislav Santro, Thiruma V. Arumugam, Silvia Manzanero (2013)
              Oxidative stress has emerged as a key deleterious factor in brain ischemia and reperfusion. Malfunction of the oxidative respiratory chain in mitochondria combines with the activation of cytoplasmic oxidases to generate a burst of reactive oxygen species that cannot be neutralised by the cell's antioxidant mechanisms. As a result, oxidative stress contributes directly to necrosis and apoptosis through a number of pathways in ischemic tissue. Pharmacological intervention with antioxidants or enhancers of endogenous antioxidant molecules is proving to be difficult due to the speed and scope of the oxidative impact. Additionally, the knowledge that neuronal fate in ischemic stroke is tightly linked to other brain cells like endothelial cells and astrocytes has shifted the focus of study from isolated neurons to the neurovascular unit. For this reason, recent efforts have been directed towards understanding the sources of oxidative stress in ischemic stroke and attempting to block the generation of oxygen radicals. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 122 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                David Barker: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: January 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 183
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; duzi857@ 123456163.com (R.D.); 17862972322@ 123456163.com (M.L.)
                [2 ]Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China
                [3 ]Research Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
                [4 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: cuiqinghua1122@ 123456163.com (Q.C.); lijun@ 123456uic.edu (L.R.); Tel.: +86-186-6017-1818 (Q.C.); +1-312-996-0110 (L.R.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9172-7824
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-00183
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010183
                PMC ID: 6982783
                PubMed ID: 31906391
                SO-VID: 8bdeba80-0f4f-4bf8-85ab-e0ef9f945998
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 November 2019
                Date accepted : 23 December 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: lignans,antivirals,mechanism,drug development
                Data availability:
                Keywords: lignans, antivirals, mechanism, drug development

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