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      Árvores urbanas em São Paulo: planejamento, economia e água

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          Abstract

          As árvores urbanas têm grande importância em vários aspectos da vida das cidades, influenciando no conforto térmico e psicológico, filtrando a poluição e ajudando a umidificar a atmosfera urbana pela formação de "rios aéreos". Neste artigo, utilizamos a cidade de São Paulo como modelo para discutir questões relacionadas ao potencial de influência que as árvores urbanas podem ter em todos os aspectos mencionados e também o potencial de inclusão da arborização em ganhos econômicos pela cidade. Tudo isso só pode ocorrer caso a arborização urbana seja planejada com base científica e usando uma abordagem sistêmica que integre as árvores aos processos da cidade. Utilizando dados da prefeitura sobre a porcentagem de verde por habitante, mostramos o déficit arborização que existe principalmente nas zonas leste e central e merecem atenção para planejamentos futuros. Apontamos a importância que as árvores podem ter em produzir vapor de água em dimensões comparáveis às vazões dos rios Tietê e Pinheiros. Finalmente, alguns pontos que devem fazer parte de um plano de arborização que integre as florestas do entorno da cidade com a vida urbana, tendo como pano de fundo a necessidade de uma visão sistêmica que leve em consideração a arborização urbana nas cidades paulistas.

          Translated abstract

          Urban trees are highly important for several aspects of the city life, influencing the thermal and psychological comfort, filtering pollution and helping to keep air humidity forming "aerial rivers". In this article, I use the city of São Paulo as a model to discuss issues related to the potential influence of urban trees on the above-mentioned aspects and also the potential of inclusion of urban trees in the context of the economical performance of the city. All this can only happen if urban trees are planned on a strong scientific basis using a systems thinking approach that will help to integrate trees into the city processes. Using data from the City Council (Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo) on the index of green per inhabitant, I show that there is a deficit of trees in the Central and East side of São Paulo that deserves attention when planning for the future. I also point out the importance that urban trees have due to the production of water vapor to an extent comparable with the two main rivers in town (Tietê and Pinheiros). Finally, I raise some points that need to be part of the first steps of a plan for urban trees management that should be capable to integrate urban forests with urban life. All that has to be based on a systemic vision that would take into consideration the existence and role of urban trees in cities of the State of São Paulo.

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          Most cited references18

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          Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States.

          Trees remove air pollution by the interception of particulate matter on plant surfaces and the absorption of gaseous pollutants through the leaf stomata. However, the magnitude and value of the effects of trees and forests on air quality and human health across the United States remains unknown. Computer simulations with local environmental data reveal that trees and forests in the conterminous United States removed 17.4 million tonnes (t) of air pollution in 2010 (range: 9.0-23.2 million t), with human health effects valued at 6.8 billion U.S. dollars (range: $1.5-13.0 billion). This pollution removal equated to an average air quality improvement of less than one percent. Most of the pollution removal occurred in rural areas, while most of the health impacts and values were within urban areas. Health impacts included the avoidance of more than 850 incidences of human mortality and 670,000 incidences of acute respiratory symptoms. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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            Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten U.S. cities and associated health effects.

            Urban particulate air pollution is a serious health issue. Trees within cities can remove fine particles from the atmosphere and consequently improve air quality and human health. Tree effects on PM2.5 concentrations and human health are modeled for 10 U.S. cities. The total amount of PM2.5 removed annually by trees varied from 4.7 tonnes in Syracuse to 64.5 tonnes in Atlanta, with annual values varying from $1.1 million in Syracuse to $60.1 million in New York City. Most of these values were from the effects of reducing human mortality. Mortality reductions were typically around 1 person yr(-1) per city, but were as high as 7.6 people yr(-1) in New York City. Average annual percent air quality improvement ranged between 0.05% in San Francisco and 0.24% in Atlanta. Understanding the impact of urban trees on air quality can lead to improved urban forest management strategies to sustain human health in cities.
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              What Makes Green Cities Unique? Examining the Economic and Political Characteristics of the Grey-to-Green Continuum

              In the United States, urbanization processes have resulted in a large variety—or “continuum”—of urban landscapes. One entry point for understanding the variety of landscape characteristics associated with different forms of urbanization is through a characterization of vegetative (green) land covers. Green land covers—i.e., lawns, parks, forests—have been shown to have a variety of both positive and negative impacts on human and environmental outcomes—ranging from increasing property values, to mitigating urban heat islands, to increasing water use for outdoor watering purposes. While considerable research has examined the variation of vegetation distribution within cities and related social and economic drivers, we know very little about whether or how the economic characteristics and policy priorities of green cities differ from those of “grey” cities—those with little green land cover. To address this gap, this paper seeks to answer the question how do the economic characteristics and policy priorities of green and grey cities differ in the United States? To answer this question, MODIS data from 2001 to 2006 are used to characterize 373 US cities in terms of their vegetative greenness. Information from the International City/County Management Association's (ICMA) 2010 Local Government Sustainability Survey and 2009 Economic Development Survey are used to identify key governance strategies and policies that may differentiate green from grey cities. Two approaches for data analysis—ANOVA and decision tree analysis—are used to identify the most important characteristics for separating each category of city. The results indicate that grey cities tend to place a high priority on economic initiatives, while green cities place an emphasis on social justice, land conservation, and quality of life initiatives.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ea
                Estudos Avançados
                Estud. av.
                Instituto de Estudos Avançados da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1806-9592
                August 2015
                : 29
                : 84
                : 85-101
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0103-40142015000200085
                10.1590/S0103-40142015000200006
                8bfaec6e-4ec0-450c-a0fe-1ac8d45cb9eb

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-4014&lng=en
                Categories
                CULTURAL STUDIES
                SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY

                Sociology,Cultural studies
                Urban trees,Urban forests,Water,Photosynthesis,Megacities,Systemic thinking,Pollution,Heat island,Climate change,São Paulo,Árvores urbanas,Florestas urbanas,Água,Fotossíntese,Metrópoles,Pensamento sistêmico,Poluição,Ilhas de calor,Mudanças climáticas

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