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      Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA)

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      , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
      World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES
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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients.

          The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance.

          The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria.

          An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs.

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          Most cited references315

          • Record: found
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          • Article: found

          The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).

          Definitions of sepsis and septic shock were last revised in 2001. Considerable advances have since been made into the pathobiology (changes in organ function, morphology, cell biology, biochemistry, immunology, and circulation), management, and epidemiology of sepsis, suggesting the need for reexamination.
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            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.

            The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.

              Until now, polymyxin resistance has involved chromosomal mutations but has never been reported via horizontal gene transfer. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed. When an E coli strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another strain, was isolated from a pig, we conducted further analysis of possible plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. Herein, we report the emergence of the first plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanism, MCR-1, in Enterobacteriaceae.
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                Journal
                World J Emerg Surg
                World J Emerg Surg
                World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES
                BioMed Central (London )
                1749-7922
                15 July 2016
                15 July 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 33
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Via Santa Lucia 2, 62100 Macerata, Italy
                [ ]Department of Trauma Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
                [ ]Genomic Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
                [ ]Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
                [ ]Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY USA
                [ ]General Surgery Department, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
                [ ]Department of General, Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy
                [ ]Department of Surgery, “Infermi” Hospital, Rimini, Italy
                [ ]Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
                [ ]Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
                [ ]Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
                [ ]General, Acute Care, and Trauma Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB Canada
                [ ]General and Upper GI Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
                [ ]Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Peine, Academic Hospital of Medical University Hannover, Peine, Germany
                [ ]Department of Clinical microbiology, Ampath National Laboratory Services, Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [ ]Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
                [ ]Departments of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
                [ ]Departments of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
                [ ]Département d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Bichat Claude-Bernard-HUPNVS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
                [ ]Section of Critical Care Medicine and Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology/Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [ ]Australia Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens’ Hospital; Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care Research Centre, Australia School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [ ]Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
                [ ]Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Akron General Medical Center, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, OH USA
                [ ]Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [ ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California (USC) Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [ ]Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC Australia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
                [ ]Division of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA USA
                [ ]Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC USA
                [ ]General Surgery, ULSS19 del Veneto, Adria Hospital, RO, Italy
                [ ]Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
                [ ]Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, and Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
                [ ]Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, and Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
                [ ]Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
                [ ]Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Bizerte Hospital, Bizerte, Tunisia
                [ ]Academic Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Hospital San Juan de Dios de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
                [ ]Emergency Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [ ]Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston HealthCare System, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
                [ ]Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
                [ ]Pharmacy Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
                [ ]Hospital Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Dr Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Monterrey, Mexico
                [ ]Department of Pharmacology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, Kerala India
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Kuala Krai Hospital, Kuala Krai, Kelantan Malaysia
                [ ]Department of Surgery and Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Regional Hospital, Limbe, Cameroon
                [ ]Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
                [ ]Department of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
                [ ]Infectología Institucional SRL, Hospital Municipal Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [ ]Department General Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Quatre Villes Hospital, St Cloud, France
                [ ]School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Uriah Butler Highway, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
                [ ]Division of Acute Care Surgery, Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA
                [ ]Department of Surgical Sciences, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
                [ ]Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
                [ ]Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA USA
                [ ]School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma, Tirana, Albania
                [ ]Département d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Amiens-Picardie, and INSERM U1088, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Division of Burn, Critical Care, and Trauma Surgery (K.P.S., S.R.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
                [ ]Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
                [ ]Sudan National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
                [ ]Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
                [ ]Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP Brazil
                [ ]Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
                [ ]6th Department of Internal Medicine, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
                [ ]2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitário Terezinha de Jesus, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
                [ ]Center for Global Health, Mito Kyodo General Hospital, University of Tsukuba, Mito, Ibaraki Japan
                [ ]Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Caracas and Hospital Vargas de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
                [ ]Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defense Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [ ]Institute of Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203 Berlin, Germany
                [ ]Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
                [ ]Orgamed Consulting, Bad Griesbach, Germany
                [ ]Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Faculté de médecine, Université de Parakou, BP 123 Parakou, Bénin
                [ ]Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ ]Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
                [ ]Department of Surgery Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [ ]Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
                [ ]Clinic for Emergency Surgery, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
                [ ]Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
                [ ]3rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
                [ ]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Division of Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
                [ ]Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus
                [ ]Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
                [ ]Department of Surgery, The Brunei Cancer Centre, Jerudong Park, Brunei
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
                [ ]School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW Australia
                [ ]Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Erzincan University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
                [ ]Department of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
                [ ]School of Life Science and The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW Australia
                [ ]Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, UNIVMP, Ancona, Italy
                [ ]Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
                [ ]Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Abilene, TX USA
                [ ]Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
                [ ]Abdominal Center, University Hospital Meilahti, Helsinki, Finland
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Inling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
                [ ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
                [ ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
                [ ]Department for Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Cologne, Germany
                [ ]Health Research Program, Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
                [ ]Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Wellcome Trust-HRB Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’ University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India
                [ ]Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Radiology, University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
                [ ]General Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
                [ ]Center of Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford, CT USA
                [ ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
                [ ]Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, Weija-Accra, Ghana
                [ ]Department of Surgery, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan
                [ ]Department of Surgery and Critical Care, Universidad del Valle, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Hassan II University Hospital, Medical School of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah University, Fez, Morocco
                [ ]Division of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
                [ ]Division of Surgery, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, Catania, Italy
                [ ]Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East University Hospital ‘Gailezers’, Riga, Latvia
                [ ]National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Jesenice General Hospital, Jesenice, Slovenia
                [ ]Trauma and Acute Care Service, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
                [ ]U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit N° 6, Callao, Peru
                [ ]General Surgery Department, Medical University, University Hospital St George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
                [ ]Intensive Care Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
                [ ]II Cátedra de Clínica Quirúrgica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico A Gemelli, Rome, Italy
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
                [ ]Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
                [ ]Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                [ ]Department of Emergency Surgery and Critical Care, Centro Medico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
                [ ]Department of Surgery, North Estonia Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
                [ ]Surgery Health Care Group, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
                [ ]APHP medical and infectious diseases ICU, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
                [ ]Institute of Microbiology, Biological and Environmental Sciences College, University San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
                [ ]Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam
                [ ]1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Medical School University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
                [ ]Nottingham Oesophago-Gastric Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
                [ ]Department of Surgery, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
                [ ]State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affilliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
                [ ]Trauma and Emergency Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
                [ ]Department of Surgery, MOSC Medical College Kolenchery, Cochin, India
                [ ]Infection Control Unit, Angers University, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France
                [ ]Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgry, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
                [ ]Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AORN dei Colli Vincenzo Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
                [ ]Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
                [ ]Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Genoa (DISSAL) and IRCCS San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
                [ ]Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sant’ Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
                Article
                89
                10.1186/s13017-016-0089-y
                4946132
                27429642
                8c0c7b0e-eee7-4701-900a-33db8848fbe1
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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                : 2 June 2016
                : 4 July 2016
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                © The Author(s) 2016

                Surgery
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