Prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection in Poland.

According to small studies carried out in preselected populations, the estimated prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in Poland ranges from 0.6 to 2.1%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HCV and HCV RNA among patients and healthcare workers. Anti-HCV antibodies were measured (Elecsys, Roche) in serum samples from 26,057 adults, consecutive patients or healthcare workers, from hospitals and out patient clinics not involved in the management of liver diseases. The majority of them (18,233) consented to fill out an anonymous questionnaire related to possible risk factors for HCV infection. Anti-HCV-positive samples were assessed for HCV RNA (Cobas Amplicor, Roche). A multivariate logistic regression model and the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test were applied. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 1.9% of individuals, and 31% of them demonstrated HCV RNA, which varied from 26% in hospitals to 66% in specialistic out-patient clinics. Prevalence of anti-HCV was significantly lower in healthcare workers (1.42%) than in patients (1.92%). Significant independent risk factors for anti-HCV positivity were as follows: male sex, more than three hospitalizations in a lifetime, blood transfusions before 1992, and intravenous drug use. The only significant risk factor for HCV RNA was intravenous drug use. An analysis carried out for multispecialistic hospitals demonstrated significantly lower prevalence of HCV RNA positivity in healthcare workers. Prevalence of anti-HCV in the Polish population studied was up to 1.9%, but active infection could be diagnosed in only 31% of them. Intravenous drug use, blood transfusions before 1992, multiple hospitalizations, and male sex increase the risk of HCV infection.