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      Saliency and priority modulation in a pop-out paradigm: Pupil size and microsaccades

      , , ,
      Biological Psychology
      Elsevier BV

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          Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis.

          Progress in science often comes from discovering invariances in relationships among variables; these invariances often correspond to null hypotheses. As is commonly known, it is not possible to state evidence for the null hypothesis in conventional significance testing. Here we highlight a Bayes factor alternative to the conventional t test that will allow researchers to express preference for either the null hypothesis or the alternative. The Bayes factor has a natural and straightforward interpretation, is based on reasonable assumptions, and has better properties than other methods of inference that have been advocated in the psychological literature. To facilitate use of the Bayes factor, we provide an easy-to-use, Web-based program that performs the necessary calculations.
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              Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection.

              The present paper argues for the notion that when attention is spread across the visual field in the first sweep of information through the brain visual selection is completely stimulus-driven. Only later in time, through recurrent feedback processing, volitional control based on expectancy and goal set will bias visual selection in a top-down manner. Here we review behavioral evidence as well as evidence from ERP, fMRI, TMS and single cell recording consistent with stimulus-driven selection. Alternative viewpoints that assume a large role for top-down processing are discussed. It is argued that in most cases evidence supporting top-down control on visual selection in fact demonstrates top-down control on processes occurring later in time, following initial selection. We conclude that top-down knowledge regarding non-spatial features of the objects cannot alter the initial selection priority. Only by adjusting the size of the attentional window, the initial sweep of information through the brain may be altered in a top-down way. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biological Psychology
                Biological Psychology
                Elsevier BV
                03010511
                May 2020
                May 2020
                : 153
                : 107901
                Article
                10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107901
                8c3c14ec-2b89-4f1f-a447-3fedea73efb8
                © 2020

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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