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      Systematic review of herbals as potential anti-inflammatory agents: Recent advances, current clinical status and future perspectives

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          Abstract

          Many synthetic drugs reported to be used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders are of least interest now a days due to their potential side effects and serious adverse effects and as they are found to be highly unsafe for human assistance. Since the last few decades, herbal drugs have regained their popularity in treatment against several human ailments. Herbals containing anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) are topics of immense interest due to the absence of several problems in them, which are associated with synthetic preparations. The primary objective of this review is to provide a deep overview of the recently explored anti-inflammatory agents belonging to various classes of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, polyphenolic compounds, and also the compounds isolated from plants of marine origin, algae and fungi. Also, it enlists a distended view on potential interactions between herbals and synthetic preparations, related adverse effects and clinical trials done on herbals for exploring their AIA. The basic aim of this review is to give updated knowledge regarding plants which will be valuable for the scientists working in the field of anti-inflammatory natural chemistry.

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          An integrated view of humoral innate immunity: pentraxins as a paradigm.

          Barbara Bottazzi, Andrea Doni, Cecilia Garlanda … (2010)
          The innate immune system consists of a cellular and a humoral arm. Pentraxins (e.g., the short pentraxin C reactive protein and the long pentraxin PTX3) are key components of the humoral arm of innate immunity which also includes complement components, collectins, and ficolins. In response to microorganisms and tissue damage, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells are major sources of fluid-phase pattern-recognition molecules (PRMs) belonging to different molecular classes. Humoral PRMs in turn interact with and regulate cellular effectors. Effector mechanisms of the humoral innate immune system include activation and regulation of the complement cascade; agglutination and neutralization; facilitation of recognition via cellular receptors (opsonization); and regulation of inflammation. Thus, the humoral arm of innate immunity is an integrated system consisting of different molecules and sharing functional outputs with antibodies.
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            Anti-inflammatory evaluation of gardenia extract, geniposide and genipin.

            Seon-Hwa Lim, Eun Young Park, Hye Koo … (2006)
            Gardenia fruit has been traditionally used as a folk medicine for centuries in Asian countries. Extraction with ethanol was used to obtain an extract (GFE) that contains two known constituents, geniposide and genipin, which were subsequently evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. GFE, genipin, and geniposide showed acute anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. In a dose-dependent manner, GFE also inhibited vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. Both genipin and geniposide inhibited production of exudate and nitric oxide (NO) in the rat air pouch edema model. However, genipin possessed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than geniposide, as demonstrated by the results with carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, carrageenan-induced air pouch formation, and measurement of NO content in the exudates. GFE caused a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice. Collectively, genipin, rather than geniposide, is the major anti-inflammatory component of gardenia fruit.
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              Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.

              N Kimmatkar, V. Thawani, L. Hingorani … (2003)
              Osteoarthritis is a common, chronic, progressive, skeletal, degenerative disorder, which commonly affects the knee joint. Boswellia serrata tree is commonly found in India. The therapeutic value of its gum (guggulu) has been known. It posses good anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and analgesic activity. A randomized double blind placebo controlled crossover study was conducted to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Boswellia serrata Extract (BSE) in 30 patients of osteoarthritis of knee, 15 each receiving active drug or placebo for eight weeks. After the first intervention, washout was given and then the groups were crossed over to receive the opposite intervention for eight weeks. All patients receiving drug treatment reported decrease in knee pain, increased knee flexion and increased walking distance. The frequency of swelling in the knee joint was decreased. Radiologically there was no change. The observed differences between drug treated and placebo being statistically significant, are clinically relevant. BSE was well tolerated by the subjects except for minor gastrointestinal ADRs. BSE is recommended in the patients of osteoarthritis of the knee with possible therapeutic use in other arthritis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmacogn Rev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PRev
                Title: Pharmacognosy Reviews
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0973-7847
                ISSN (Electronic): 0976-2787
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Dec 2011
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 120-137
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Pharamaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
                [1 ] Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khodasingi, Berhampur, Orissa, India
                [2 ] Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
                [3 ] Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Khursi Road, Lucknow, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Mr. Sarwar Beg, Department of Pharamaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi - 110 062 E-mail: sarwar.beg@ 123456gamail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: PRev-5-120
                DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.91102
                PMC ID: 3263046
                PubMed ID: 22279370
                SO-VID: 8c46a2a8-bb62-4610-a7df-7ffb6c740707
                Copyright © Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Reviews
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 31 August 2010
                Date revision received : 14 February 2011
                Date accepted : 23 December 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: herbals,anti-inflammatory agents,glycosides,clinical trials,cannabinoids,alkaloids,inflammation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: herbals, anti-inflammatory agents, glycosides, clinical trials, cannabinoids, alkaloids, inflammation

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