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      Functions of lncRNA HOTAIR in lung cancer

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          Abstract

          Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) govern fundamental biochemical and cellular processes. lncRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) represses gene expression through recruitment of chromatin modifiers. The expression of HOTAIR is elevated in lung cancer and correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis. Moreover, HOTAIR promotes proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance in lung cancer cells. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying HOTAIR-mediated aggressive phenotypes of lung cancer. We also discuss HOTAIR’s potential in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, as well as the challenges of exploiting HOTAIR for intervention of lung cancer.

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          Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.

          Jean Paul Thiery, Hervé Acloque, Ruby Y J Huang … (2009)
          The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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            Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes.

            Miao-Chih Tsai, Ohad Manor, Yue Wan … (2010)
            Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) regulate chromatin states and epigenetic inheritance. Here, we show that the lincRNA HOTAIR serves as a scaffold for at least two distinct histone modification complexes. A 5' domain of HOTAIR binds polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), whereas a 3' domain of HOTAIR binds the LSD1/CoREST/REST complex. The ability to tether two distinct complexes enables RNA-mediated assembly of PRC2 and LSD1 and coordinates targeting of PRC2 and LSD1 to chromatin for coupled histone H3 lysine 27 methylation and lysine 4 demethylation. Our results suggest that lincRNAs may serve as scaffolds by providing binding surfaces to assemble select histone modification enzymes, thereby specifying the pattern of histone modifications on target genes.
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              SB 203580 is a specific inhibitor of a MAP kinase homologue which is stimulated by cellular stresses and interleukin-1.

              A Cuenda, J. Rouse, Y N Doza … (1995)
              A class of pyridinyl imidazoles inhibit the MAP kinase homologue, termed here reactivating kinase (RK) [Lee et al. (1994) Nature 372, 739-746]. We now show that one of these compounds (SB 203580) inhibits RK in vitro (IC50 = 0.6 microM), suppresses the activation of MAPKAP kinase-2 and prevents the phosphorylation of heat shock protein (HSP) 27 in response to interleukin-1, cellular stresses and bacterial endotoxin in vivo. These results establish that MAPKAP kinase-2 is a physiological RK substrate, and that HSP27 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP kinase-2 in vivo. The specificity of SB 203580 was indicated by its failure to inhibit 12 other protein kinases in vitro, and by its lack of effect on the activation of RK kinase and other MAP kinase cascades in vivo. We suggest that SB 203580 will be useful for identifying other physiological roles and targets of RK and MAPKAP kinase-2.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gregory Loewen: gregory.loewen@gmail.com
                Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah: jananj@tulane.edu
                Ying Zhuo: zhuoying1@yahoo.com
                Bin Shan: bin.shan@wsu.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Hematol Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Hematol Oncol
                Title: Journal of Hematology & Oncology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-8722
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 December 2014
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 December 2014
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 90
                Affiliations
                [ ]Providence Regional Cancer Center, 105 W. 8th Avenue, Spokane, WA 99204 USA
                [ ]Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 2015 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
                [ ]Kadlec Regional Medical Center, 888 Swift Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352 USA
                [ ]College of Medical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane, 412 E. Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 90
                DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0090-4
                PMC ID: 4266198
                PubMed ID: 25491133
                SO-VID: 8c4c1a6f-47a2-4b73-b609-edc7a2e99594
                Copyright © © Loewen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 1 October 2014
                Date accepted : 22 November 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2014

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: lncrna,hotair,lung cancer,prc2,metastasis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: lncrna, hotair, lung cancer, prc2, metastasis

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